Delta Corp Ergonomic Factors

Introduction Ergonomic factors are human factors that affect the psychological and physical wellbeing of workers within an organization. Integrating these human factors together with the philosophies of human resources management into the organizational processes is the best course of action to increase the health conditions of their workers (Nelson et al., 1995).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Delta Corp Ergonomic Factors specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The organization human resources management normally aims at increasing the workers output by ensuring that the workers are satisfied and competent in their work. Therefore, it is essential for the organizations to provide an enabling environment that ensures job satisfaction to the employees. Ergonomic factors are those factors that cause constraints to the workers satisfaction with their jobs. In fact, human factors encompass all environmental and in ternal organizational factors that affect physical and psychological wellbeing of the workers. However, ergonomic factors generally arise from sources that are beyond human control, most of which are caused by human errors or assumptions driven by the emphasis of the output with less consideration of the inputs (Nelson, 1995). Within the academic circles, ergonomic factors are grouped into various categories. The categories generalize conditions found in almost all industries and organizations. The categories includes factors intrinsic to the job, task factors, the roles of the individuals within the organization, personal interrelationship, career related factors and the organizational structure (Sutherland Cooper, 2008). These ergonomic factors are general and affect all organizations and industries. Within the airline industry where the focus will be, ergonomic factors are caused by human errors and less strict adherence to the set regulations. Many airline managers agree that h uman factors are a consequence of improper human operated systems, which can be managed. In the case of Delta airlines, the company is using human factors professionals to help in the identification and management of the conditions that may affect the workers physical and psychological stress. Increased interest in the ergonomic factors within the organization is caused by the operational success of the organization when few of the set regulations and conditions to reduce ergonomic factors and errors were implemented. For the organization in the case, how to integrate the ergonomic factors and human resources management is the major concern. This paper will be examining the ergonomic factors focusing on Delta as a specific organization. Finally, the paper offers a proposal for the organization showing on how Delta Corp can make workplace safer, as well as the manner in which the physical and psychological stress can be reduced.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More First, the paper looks into the literature on ergonomic factors and how those factors affects the physical and psychological wellbeing of the workers, the work environment and the satisfaction of employees with the work environment. The paper then proceeds to look at how Delta is applying and implementing measures that are supposed to reduce the ergonomic factors within the organization. Ergonomic factors within the workplace According to the common definitions, industrial ergonomics is the discipline that put together all aspects of the work environment as well as the activities to the organization competencies, magnitude, and the necessities of the stakeholders (Sutherland Cooper, 2008). As described, ergonomics are human factors that centers on the importance of better work conditions, apparatus and the gears that are being applied in this work environment, technological levels of the organization as well as the way the organization arranges its operations. The main goal of ergonomics is to enhance the wellbeing amongst organization workers, their work settings, the tools and equipment they use and their occupational stresses (Sutherland Cooper, 2008). In situations that the ergonomic conditions are not met, job stresses and health hazards occur. Nelson, Cooper, and Jackson (1995) have discussed the relationships between job demands and workplace stresses. Indeed the above scholars argue that there must be a balance between job stressors and the diverse features of the occupational blueprints. The balance created is that specific job stressors must counter different blueprints of occupations. The balancing theoretical framework is essential in the assessment and considerations of human factors and health at work environment. Nelson et al (1995) pointed out that the deprived human factors in workplace could create distress and disarray that can result in an indi vidual becoming susceptible to stresses related to their occupations as well as disorders in their psychology. In effect, somatic problems may probably intensify. Many studies have been conducted around job stresses and the relationships that exist between ergonomic factors and the job stresses have been found to be positive. However, it is not only the ergonomic factors that cause job stresses, but also a number of individual factors tend to cause work related stresses. Therefore, occupational stresses encompass all factors both work and non-work experienced during work that causes physiological and emotional homeostasis to the employees (Sutherland Cooper, 2008). From the argued context, the stressor relate to the individual factors while the reactions to the individual factors are the stress.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Delta Corp Ergonomic Factors specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As such, occup ational stress is multivariate observable facts resulting from various factors. Therefore, stress is any strain or forces that destabilize the individual psychological and physical normalcy. Anything that constitutes a threat to individual psychological and physical well-being is stress to that individual. When such threats emanates from the job environment, the stresses caused are occupational or job stresses. Occupational stresses are caused by many contributory factors. Majority of these factors have been identified as coming from the work environment (Spector, 2006). The important elements in the occupational environment are the degree at which workers attitudes and capabilities meet the job requirements and the degree at which the work environment meet the needs of the worker particularly the workers motivation and the use of the acquired skills. In circumstances, where the worker feels that there is a mismatch between the expectations and the job demand stress occurs. In one w ay or the other, these tend to affect the employee physical and psychological well-being. Sutherland and Cooper (2008) argue that work environment constitute various factors both physical and psychological interacting together to cause occupational stresses. The way these factors react is dissimilar in diverse environments, situations, and people. Moreover, the interactions between these factors cannot be explained through epidemiological means alone. Different circumstances including emotional arousal, exhaustion, work endeavor, pain, apprehension, application, embarrassment, hemorrhage, increased expectations of success are all capable of resulting into occupational stress (Spector, 2006). Thus, a single factor cannot be claimed to be the cause of job stress. Since there are many factors interacting to cause job stress, Sutherland and Cooper (2008) grouped them into various categories. Though there are overlaps in the categories, they can be used to analyze the way they affect wor ker or the way they cause work stresses. According to Sutherland and Cooper (2008), there are factors intrinsic to the job. These include the physical demands such as the noise, machine sensations, and variations in temperature, humidity, hygiene and lighting. Task factors that comprises of shift work, workload, overtime, and work repetitions, applications of new technology, melancholy and exposure to the risk hazards.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The other categories according to Sutherland and Cooper argue (2008) is the role of the individual workers within the organization, which includes role ambiguity, conflicts in responsibilities as well as being responsible for other employees or the company operations. Interrelationship particularly with the seniors and fellow employees is also categorized as own factor. Career related factors such as the job protection and position inaptness or demotions and promotions. The final category according to Sutherland and Cooper (2008) is the way the organization is arranged as well as the work atmosphere. For instance the way organization structure allows the workers to be part of the decision making process According to Nelson, Cooper and Jackson (1995), job stresses may result from various sources including increased workload and the frequency emanating from job demands, factors relating to poor job content that in most cases result in world-weariness and lack of significance. In addit ion, having no control of any decision in the job, poor organizational guiding principles and measures that make unfriendly workforce may also cause stress. Moreover, the way supervision is carried out that does not affect the general performance of workers, technological factors, individual factors and the environmental conditions (Spector, 2006). In another study, Nelson, Cooper, and Jackson (1995) discuss the job characteristics that are likely to result in the psychological stress. In that study, they identified attributes such as serious work anxiety, heavy workload, an antagonistic work atmosphere, confusing roles, deficiency of duties that are challenging, emotional overwork, pitiable decision-making relations, not being involved in decision making or not being in control of job responsibilities, poor interpersonal relationship including disconnect with other employees, managers or supervisors. Further, psychological stress may emanate from the circumstances that employees la ck social support that may come from any person being considered important including supervisors, family members and fellow employees (Spector, 2006). The adverse human factors at the work place in most cases result in physical and health constraints that encompass physical and psychological stresses. The physical stresses are such things like visual fatigue, headache, and muscle discomfort. Others include disorders such as growing strain, back, visual, and hearing. In addition, the worker may suffer from, emotional nervousness, apprehension and dejection (Spector, 2006). Often, these psychological and physical stresses temporarily disappear when workers are rested or when there is perfection in the work design. The physical and emotional stresses may also disappear when the work surrounding and the tools and equipments are improved. In general, enhancement of the work conditions decreases the effects of ergonomic factors that results in physical and emotional constraints in workers within an organization (Nelson et al., 1995). In the circumstances that employees are open to the elements of human factors, the result is unending consequence. In fact, permanent impairments whether visual, hearing or any other physical bring on anxiety in employees. Such anxieties result in emotional stress, which in effect cause undesirable working state of affairs. The adverse work conditions again result in stress. Moreover, the physical dysfunctions such as the musculoskeletal disorders resulting into the permanent malfunctions and disability always bring about workers hopelessness, nervousness and downheartedness (Sutherland Cooper, 2008). The psychological stress will further result in the increased sensitivity on the receptors of pain within the eyes and other related muscles that will additionally result into more stress (Nelson et al., 1995). According to Sutherland and Cooper (2008), five important elements are significant in the control of the causes of stress in the work place. The scholars argue that when properly implemented within the work design, then the likelihood of the stresses caused by ergonomic misfits is drastically reduced. Nelson, Cooper, and Jackson (1995) argue that the person, the work surrounding, the workers responsibilities, the workers technological knowhow, as well as the general organization of the work are important in the reduction of both physical and psychological stress caused by human factors. The physical work environment The physical environment within the workplace includes all the natural features including the air quality, temperatures, humidity, lighting, and sounds that are critical for the survivability of the workers within the work environment (Spector, 2006). Physical features are elements within the work surrounding without which workers cannot survive. The physical features are capable of inducing sensory demands that have a direct effect on the capability of the worker to have the sense of hearing, obs erve and feel. The sense of hearing is affected by sound. The effects of extreme sound (noise) in the workplace causes stress. According to Sutherland and Cooper (2008), noise is the most outstanding ergonomic idiosyncrasy that results in stress. The workers may be frustrated in the situations where the conditions within the work surroundings are poor. The physical work environment must be conducive in order for the workers to be motivated (Nelson et al., 1995). The circumstances that the physical work environment results in the misgivings of the necessities of the workers and their abilities, the consequences are generalized fatigue and poor performance. The fatigue may be physical or sensory which causes psychological stress. The technological factors Technological aspects including, poor displays, incompatible controls, reduced response attributes of machines, putting up machines without being sensitive to physical conditions, operating difficulties of the technology, machines br eakdown, tools and equipments that reduces the workers performance are some of the technological factors that affect workers in the work place (Sutherland Cooper, 2008). With such technological problems, the likelihood of workers having more physical and psychological stress is high. The responsibilities The heavy workloads and pressure are the two most critical human factors that are aligned to the causes of the job stress (Sutherland Cooper, 2008). In both ways, too much work or little of it will cause stress. In the circumstances that the workers work under time pressure, may be needed to meet deadlines or in the situations where there are too much tasks to be accomplished, then the stress increases. In addition, the circumstances that the machines pacing the tasks are too quick or slow then the job stree increase. The workers have no cognitive satisfaction of the occupation responsibilities due to low task control (Nelson et al., 1995). From the human factors perspective, job responsibilities should be set using the scientific methods where time and output are evaluated according to the workers capabilities. The criteria such as the economic factors including the necessity to get better of the capital investments and the technological capacity should not be used to measure the workload (Spector, 2006). The organizational factors The human resources difficulties because of work environment normally originate from three categories of managerial characteristic of the occupation procedures. The ergonomic management aspects include work in shifts, uncalled-for work after the fullness of time, work paced by machines, as well as the assembly-line work (Spector, 2006). The shift work cause disturbances in the normal biological functioning of the body and in effect affects the psychological well being of the workers. The assembly line and the machine-paced work normally generate diminutive responsive everyday jobs disregarding the cognitive contents resulting int o low employees control over the work processes. The result is unwarranted physical and psychological stress. Unwarranted work after the full daytime can also result in the workers fatigue. In some instances, the overtime work may lead to undesirable psychosomatic effects including resentment and dispositional instability (Nelson et al., 1995). All these ergonomic managerial aspects may lead to psychogenic body malfunctions, which affects the general workers performance. Personal factors Personal factors are the factors that affect the individual behavior such as the anxiety and self-esteem. Behavioral factors interact with each other to cause work stresses to an individual especially in the circumstances that they are found to be the major cause of poor performance (Sutherland Cooper, 2008). The individual values and needs, the capabilities and the job experiences, age, ethnicity and well as the expected physical conditions interact to affect the individual performance, which in e ffect cause the job stress in case of deficiency. Moreover, genetic characteristics such as the physical composition, sex, reactivity, intelligence, introversion may also cause job stress in case they are found wanting (Sutherland Cooper, 2008). Other individual characteristics that are acquired such as the educational attainments and social class also affect the individual performance in the work place, which by extension may cause job stress. However, an organization can enhance some individual characteristics through the provision of an environment that encourage their growth. Competitive and challenging environment promotes these individual characteristics. The workers must always be encouraged towards the attainment of the set goals (Sutherland Cooper, 2008). The encouragement should not be based on the measured output in terms of returns on the investments rather on the individual input and capabilities. Motivation of workers forms the integral part of reducing work related stresses resulting from the personal factors. However, motivations are derived from an environment that is conducive and encouraging (Nelson et al., 1995). The motivating environment according to the context is that meet the expectations of the workers and the organization. Delta airlines case Definition of the functionality of human factors department In defining the functionality of human factor, an organization pursues its endeavors towards creating the place of work safer and less physically and psychologically stressful. By implementing the requirements of safety measures, the occupations and responsibilities of the human factor department should fully hold on the organization core strategies. While coming up with the strategies and safety measures, greater consideration should be given to various restrictions that are coined under the organizational and human factor principles. Consequently, the limitations must produce a work environment that is conducive for all the employee s in the organization. In considering these facts and limitations, it can be deduced that tools becomes more important aspect in an organization such as Delta airlines. In the main, safe institutions that make workplace less psychologically and physically traumatic and non-dangerous should exercise the following. First, with the localized short-term activities in rejoinder to active failures and long-standing measures in reaction to the dormant failures, an organization should react to the practical deficiencies of safety. Secondly, instead of the organization depending on the compliance of control, it should rely on the inner responsibility in order to realize safety objectives. Moreover, the organization should own a structure that is reliable by features of the surrounding and objectives of the institution. Similarly, an organizational structure must be designed with a particular extent of federal decision-making, standardized processes, and complexity (ICAO, 1993). Hence, Delta corporation revel in a safety corporate culture that is precisely healthy, good, and open. To permit for an applicable set of scales amid risk and production administration, the organization should advance the appropriate structures of managing the risks. Lastly, Delta esteems safety as the most significant contributor in accomplishing the objectives of production since the corp. pursues safety as a unique of the goals of the institution. The operating philosophy of Delta ergonomic factor department The organization should manage and pinpoint the philosophies that operate the department of human factor to transform the place of work become physically and psychologically stress free and safer. The identification and management of such situations that contribute to human errors enable an organization to remain the facilitator of excellence of human presentation. In fact, the nonexistence of accidents in an organization is no longer a dependable indicator of safety scheme. The ergonomi c factors as well as safety programs should exceed the benchmark defense efforts reacting to the emphasis of the least compliant values that are acceptable. Therefore, the departmental operating programs should ascertain and manage the disorders that result to human factor errors. An organization should identify and manage these errors whereas expediting a move en route to the excellence of human presentation. Nevertheless, quality should be incorporated at the corporate, small faction, as well as at employee levels as it can never be mandated. The set compliant principles should not be taken as the ultimate organizational safety arrangements of its operational systems. However, it should be cherished as inviolate. By taking into greater consideration of the features and dynamics that cause human errors, the organization is bound to achieve its precincts of work protection. Actually, the realization comes through enhanced human presentation in the identification and management of ci rcumstances that up shot errors committed by employees. In order for the organization to attain safety environment for its workers, it must put in place measures that drastically reduces human errors. Hence, the support, and coordination of high-ranking management provide an enormous continuum of a potential performance (ICAO, 1993). The human factor departmental mission and goals Well-pronounced mission and goals of the organization will help suppress the problem of psychological and physical stress and safety at workplace. The Delta operations expedite quality in the programs of human presentation as one of the institutional goals. The other goal of the organization is to succor in support and creation of programs for extenuation and management of human errors associated with jeopardy. Conversely, Delta’s mission aims at risk management of human errors through human presentation analysis with deference to structure in support of operation, machineries, strategies, and emplo yees. The mission is essentially applicable in a number of diverse levels (Maurino et al. 1995). First, Delta projects at minimizing human errors and outlining work performance by arriving at the developments and adjustments. The corporation also uses management science, systems science, biomechanical, psychosocial, physiological, and psychological multiple disciples. Further, the institute employs all these missions in three levels that is task, conditions of work, and organization to meet this target. The six categories of Delta resource administration According to ICAO (1993), further categorization, definition, and identification of resource management are of great significance. Such categories in an organization will tend to render safety and lessen the situations of psychological and physical stress. Actually, it aims at engendering a methodical integration of set abilities of the resource administration into appraisals, training, processes, strategies, criteria, as well as do cuments. Putting together of the organizations human factor management precincts corresponds to the available technology the organization applies to control its resources. Actually, the pastry of resource administration is sliced in dissimilar ways in a number of institutions. The fact that Airline Company ought to establish a system of categorization is more important than how it categorizes the administration of its resources (ICAO, 1993). Accordingly, the groupings of ergonomic factors should not be judge in conformity to the way they are specified rather in compliance with the available technology in which they are applied. Organizational change to practical from theory The virtuous human resource presentation moralities are simple to a certain degree. Nevertheless, the only difficulty encountered is to decipher the HR straightforward perceptions namely guidance, credentials, processes, guidelines, and staffing standards into performance. Thus, there is need for a cursory compre hension by the organizational HR on the way of tying together the performance of human resource and acclimating to the demands of the environment. In fact, this would make the place of work a less psychologically and physically traumatic and non-dangerous place as the understanding will enable the organization to avail most airlines into the business. The Delta Corp director may edifice sound adaptations since the industry puts voice to the principles of human resource presentation increasingly (ICAO, 1993). The manager does this through objectively interlacing human principles factors into practices, processes, strategies, as well as ideas. Conversely, the scheduled carrier personnel and administrators should prolong the assimilation and understanding of human factors to produce excellence in human presentation. The extent of comprehension and integration should fall beyond a cursory consciousness and non-structured adaptations. Definitely, the initial task for the administrators i s to situate such comprehensive human resource administration principles and factors into organizational lingo. In the meantime, putting this into the organization language would enable every worker to understand the human resource management factors and principle. Besides, via a cohesive strategy and in total consistency, the HR should interlace such perceptions into education, configuration of the firm, credentials, processes, and guidelines. Hence, the organization should deal with the restriction of space promptly to further develop the subsequent tips of integration (Jones, 1993). The current workplace challenges and environment There are extensive accords all through the fiscal, regulatory, and operational organizations stipulating that the integration of resource management standards as well as the human or ergonomic factors into the assumed operational activities could be a noble action course. Similarly, the airline administrators have increasingly recognized that errors ca used by human are unavoidable. Most of these human faults stem from systems managed and operated by people, but the consequential circumstances causing such errors are manageable (Maurino et al. 1995). Often, the executive directors use both the ergonomic factors departmental units and human factors experts in helping the corporations to classify and manage situations and risks correlated to these errors. The operational triumphs and the management of psychologically as well as physically stressful workplaces fuel the interest of integrating ergonomic factors into the activities undertaken by an organization. To the airplane administrators, it is generally debatable whether a firm must examine ‘proviso’ instead of ‘the manner in which’, the assets ought to be handled, and ergonomic aspects incorporated. Given that, employees become psychologically as well as physically stressed up with unsafe work environment, the proposal offers a decisive framework on how Delta Corporation should integrate ergonomic factors in its operations and management plans to make workplace less stressful and safer (Maurino et al. 1995). The proposal provides the nature of challenges encountered during integration, the departmental functionality of the ergonomic factors, the departmental units ergonomic factors attributes, the systems approach, and recommendations on how the organization can move to actions from the principles. The ergonomic factors integration challenges Workplaces normally become stressful and unsafe the moment the ergonomic factors administrators encounter challenges related to the translation of better ergonomic functional knowledge into practice. In fact, such integrations ought to be carried out with the entire organizational systems in order to realize sustainable transformation. In the ICAO (1993), the existing safety measures incorporate the extensive workforce safety dearth eminent in the organizational systems instead of solitary fu nctionality (p.1). The analytical proof permits the organizations to identify any management deficiency during the aviation systems operation and designing stages. When translating the ergonomic factors into science, the process should include a minimum of three stages namely the tasks, the place of work, and the organization. The organizational efforts relating to the management of resources and ergonomic factors must be directed mainly towards evaluating the training programs improvement and workforce attitudes. As it appears in the case firm, the plans for guiding the employees should not emerge affixed in seclusion. To avoid stress and keep workplace safe, the management of organizational resources and human factors should not be considered just as the employees’ preparation intervention. Educating the organization employees and administration to understand that ergonomic factors go beyond the mere training is the major problem and challenge encountered by the director of human factors. The ergonomic activities difficulties at Delta Corporation that cause tension and insecurity amongst employees should have prepared resolutions recognizing the dependence as well as the effect of corporate and workplace parameters that outline traditions, actions, and outlook. In fact, both the corporate and individual problems causing stress and insecurity ought to be attended to in order to rectify the errors, which generate the workforce performance and conditional challenges. The firm traditions, employees’ actions, and manners must be transformed at the managerial and at each workers rank. The most influential tool that Delta Corporation should use to shape the groups and individual employees’ corporate culture is answerability (Jones, 1993). The organization must not allow the employees to violate the internalized occupational, health and safety principles. The traditions of Delta Corp need to describe the inclined manner and ethics that may put t he decisive and desirable conduct pressure needed from a set of personnel. The organization should also enforce standards and express disapproval of any wrongdoer by sanctioning whoever defies the set principles. The internalization at the organizational, small groups and individual levels are important given that they warrant that suitable ergonomic factors undertakings emerge as anticipated and become impulsive. The function and type of the department of human factors ought to be planned in such as way that the performances of all employees are affected. However, in order to influence the culture, behaviours, and attitudes of the workforce, Delta Corp needs to ensure that there is shared obligation towards systematically integrating ergonomic factors. Provided the values of human factors fail to be internalized either organizationally or independently, the possibility of sustaining organization practices would be considerably abridged (Jones, 1993). Thus, all Delta Corp workers sh ould attach relevance and internalize the oriented corporate ergonomic factors standards. The Delta Corp division assuming the ergonomic aspects should bear the intensity and contact width in order to outline the managerial traditions, manners, and outlook. The reach can hardly be attained devoid of being committed to the general incorporation of human factors. The short-range ensnare must be shunned In order to reduce stress and make Delta Corp workplace safer, the workforce activities dearth and faults should be rectified frequently while cracking down on the group or each employee’s problems including offering further guidance and imposition of penalties. In fact, educating employees and ordering for discipline appears to be the most familiar, easiest, and prompt retort to human deficiencies. There are occasions when employees training and discipline could correctly respond to the human performance incidents, accidents, or deficiencies. Such quick fixes while often drawn o n by organizations as stress and safety strap ups, they hardly rectify the root causes and general problems (Jones, 1993). However, quick fixes tend to send memorandum and training vaccinations intended to alter the performances of each employees devoid of taking into account the managerial and departmental constituents, which carve up the employees’ performances. A briefing and a memo, which are forms of quick fixes often, alter the actions of employees temporarily. The fundamental practical guidelines for the organization, department, and individual employees nonetheless force back the employees’ actions to the initial statuses except when the basic systems become preset. Prior to looking afar each employee performances, Dealt Corp should classify and appraise both the managerial and universal factors shaping such performances. Indeed, an undemanding ‘quick fix of Delta operators’ strategy to the ergonomic or human actions tend to neglect the impacts and certainty of additional universal suppliers. Therefore, to generate unrelenting consequences on each individual action, the ergonomic factors plan adopted by Delta Corp should deal with the corporate procedures and structures, which influence culture, actions, and employees attitudes (Jones, 1993). The departmental human factors attributes The subsequent section details most aspects of the ergonomic factors, which ought to constitute the fundamental components and function of the Delta Corp human departments to lessen stress and increase the level of safety. Enough resources for sustaining change The department of human factors at Delta Corp should have adequate resources including loyalty, equipment, funds, and personnel to assist in upholding the integrated plans and departments. The incorporation of ergonomics factors into the Delta Corp culture can be equated to growing vegetation in scorched atmosphere. That is, such human factors should be supported and nurtured up to the tim e when they can live on their own. The perception can similarly be applied to the whole Delta Corp ergonomic factor divisions given that it incorporates each ergonomic factor ventures (Jones, 1993). Hence, to lessen stress and minimize insecurity issues, the company must avoid the quick fixes strategies that could take it back to the starting points without compensating for the time and funds used. Delta Corp must concentrate on a single commercial point for constancy Most corporations assume ergonomic factors oriented training, documents, procedures, policies, and programs spread across the business units. The manager of ergonomic factors should make the performance plans consistent and seal the cracks that may be present to cause insecurity and stress. Besides, Delta Corp is required to ensure that all ergonomic agendas should be expressed in lingos understood by all employees and adapted to achieve the purpose of the corporation. It is also essential that Delta Corp should have i ts business level point of focus addressing ergonomic factors associated with individual as well as organizational growth and development (Jones, 1993). The centre of concentration will warrant constancy whereas classifying and curtaining the copying of individuals’ hard work. Thus, the universal adjustments to the Delta Corp practices, processes, policies, and values should be dependable athwart corporate limits in order to become a component of the company’s managerial style and traditions. Corporate reach and placement The ergonomic factors administrator should be given the power to attend to employees incorporated in the organizational operations. More often, Delta Corp can appear to be stressful and insecure due to the systemic difficulties and ergonomic errors emanating from the inadequate communication systems in all the operational boundaries and athwart departments. In fact, it should hardly be assumed that each employee affecting the procedures and structure of Delta Corp might have an extensive ergonomic factors scientific knowledge to be capable of classifying and integrating such tenets (Jones, 1993). Recommendations To improve employee capability in an organization, the HR department should train workforces and managers on how to utilize human factor principles continually. There should be leverage and credentials relating to the corporation resources, programs, and individuals that are in existence. Besides, the managers should acclimatize to the limitations or fix the system as parameters to the identification of deficiencies in human presentation and jeopardy. Rather than letting a solitary merge, the organizational executives should proactively develop a departmental structure to initiate a stress free and safety-working place. The department of human resource management should succor the administrators to practice and improve human performance feedback schemes and risk administration. Further, to bear on the encounters and diff iculties, the managers should create operational archetypes and solutions besides bringing sciences into use. Finally, the corporation managers should try to report, evaluate, and identify the conditions that produce error to the management and bottlenecks encountered in performance of human resource. Conclusion Ergonomic factors have become part of the strategies used in the management of organizations and employees. Nevertheless, errors made by people normally appear as distinct variables, which should be properly supervised to increase opportunities and minimize the ergonomics challenges. Thus, to reduce incidents of accidents, insecurity and stress amongst employees and in the organization, Delta Corp must incorporate ergonomic factors in all the management aspects. The human factors should be included in the universal strategy geared towards improving the performances of employees. Works Cited ICAO. Human Factors Management and Organization: Human Factors Digest. Montreal: ICAO , 1993. Print. Jones, Becker. The Four Domains Affecting Job Performance: Internal Document, Delta Air Lines. Atlanta: DA, 1993. Print Maurino, Daniel, Reason James and Johnston Neil: Beyond Aviation Human Factors. Vermont, USA: Ashgate Publishing Ltd, 1995. Print. Nelson, Adrian, Cooper Cary, and Jackson Paul. â€Å"Uncertainty amidst Change: The Impact of Privatization on Employees Job Satisfaction and Well-Being.† Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 68.16 (1995): 57-71. Print Spector, Paul. â€Å"Perceived Control by Employees, a Meta-Analysis of Studies Concerning Autonomy and Participation at Work.† Human Relations, 39.11 (2006): 1005-1016. Print. Sutherland, Johnson and Cooper, Cary. Occupational Stress: Issues and Developments in Research. London: Taylor and Francis, 2008. Print. This research paper on Delta Corp Ergonomic Factors was written and submitted by user Midnight to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Why are there different theories of the state Which one do you find most useful and why

Why are there different theories of the state Which one do you find most useful and why Introduction The purpose of this essay is to provide an overview of the different theories of the state, highlight the various reasons why there are different theories of the state, and finally, identify the most useful theory as well as providing a justification of the choice.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Why are there different theories of the state? Which one do you find most useful and why? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Theories forms the basis of explaining complex phenomenon in a more practical way, and as such the relations that exist in a nation-state can only be understood with the help of a theory. There exist different theories of the state such as pluralism, elite theory, classic Marxist theory, realism and corporatism (Barzel, 2002, p. 75). The main proponents of the Pluralism are Talcott Parsons, Arnold Rose, Nail Smelser and Peter Bently. This theory is based on functionalism and its emphases are ; stability, equilibrium, conservative perspective and gradual change. This theory maintains that societal power is widely shared, fragmented, decentralized and deriving from a number of sources (Duncan, 2009, p. 34). It also opine that society consist of groups and associations that are many and diverse with conflicting interests that are balanced by the state, and as such the groups have considerable influences on major institutions and government policy. It also assumes a natural power balance among different groups coupled with democratic traditions, consensus of values, procedures and principles. In addition, governmental and economic institutions are separate thus they are not overlapping sources of power. In this theory, the state performs roles which include; it represents institutionalized authority and power, it is the supreme guardian of democracy, it acts as the mediator or bargaining agent, as well as policing conflict of interest and promoting harmony to attain order a nd equilibrium (Dubbink, 2003, p. 179). The second theory of the state is elite theory. This theory opine that the societal power rests in the hands of a few individuals who have power over key institutions resources, and at the same time the elite group are not accountable to the citizens. They derive their power from social organizations meaning that they possess a lot of power, and as such, they do anything to ensure that they retain power. They theory opine that there is stratification in societies, the present power is utilized for societal welfare and benefit or for personal gain, there are one or other ruling elites, and that the powerful and the elite are the same.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The elites have such resources as cunning and skills, as well as intelligence, this variation sets them apart from the populace with the masses being characterized by incompetence, apathy and not able to govern themselves. In addition, the prevailing organizational complexities necessitate for a leader. The relations that are built are in relation to power and wealth. For instance, power in United States rests in control of the Pentagon, that is, the state, the economy and the military (Smith, 1995, p. 91). The third theory is classic Marxist theory, which maintains that individuals who have power over the means of production rule society. They further asserts that the main determinant of political phenomenon is the politics class basis, that individuals realize themselves through work, and the basis or foundation of the society is the economy. It continues to maintain that political conflict equates to class conflict since political groups are composed of classes. In addition, economic dominance translates to power with power flowing from economic relations. The state performs functions such as; legitimizing and perpetuation of the existing s ocial class system, and accumulating role, as well (Hay, Marsh Liste, 2007, p. 53). The other theory is realism. This theory maintains that there is a difference between the politics realm and ethics and moral principles realm. It also argues that the state has absolute power, single-minded pursuit of interest, national security and power. Objective laws rooted in human nature rule the society and politics. Lastly, we have corporatism theory where the state is seen as the supreme central organ that is responsible for leading and directing society based on its directives. In addition, cooperation between the state, trade unionists and capitalists is necessary to ensure capital accumulation and investment, increased levels of employment, and citizen consumption. The theory further champion for state intervention provided the interventions fall within the principles of capitalist. This theory further asserts that the state should play a vital role in leading the major institutions in the economy, while the business sector plays a reciprocal role.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Why are there different theories of the state? Which one do you find most useful and why? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The main aim of this category of theories is to ensure equitable redistribution of resources, lower the unemployment levels, as well as inflation and extend citizenship rights (Williamson, 1989, p. 89). Rationale for different theories of the state Research points out the variation in ideologies as the main source of different theories of the state. Scholars come up with their theories based on observations and purpose, and as such, the findings of their observation may vary, though, they are eligible for generalization (Kelsen, 2007, p. 62). For instance, a state is made up of sub-systems such as society, institutions and the people/groups. The relationship between these three sub-systems may vary an d be insufficient, and as such scholars seeks to increase the body of knowledge through developing new theories and upgrading the existing theories (Avineri, 2004, p. 88). The other reason why there is growth in the number of theories of the state is the conception that an analysis that focuses mainly on a certain state is insufficient. Ideally, the states are different, distinct entities; hence, there is no similar relation between different states. As such, most theories discuss other aspect such as obligation, authority and rights, but there is no exclusive analysis on the state (Williamson, 2010, p. 64). This existing gap in studies triggers the need to analyze and develop a theory that can explain the existing relationship in the state. Other scholars opine that the power variations, theoretical frameworks as well as inter-state pressures are playing a major role in shaping states development, yet they are deficient in explaining the global and the depth dimensions of the chang es that are currently taking place (Eckersley, 2004, p. 66). The unitary aspect of the world as stipulated by the dependency theory, enumerated that significance of understanding of different actions of certain states in relation to the bipolar relationship. The existing concept of unity among states triggers the need to establish the underlying principles that leads to the presence of such relations. This pattern of relationship among states necessitates the development of a theory which explains in depth and expound in details of such relationship. This can only be possible through a theory.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The need of a theory is to act as a guideline during state development agenda such as reforms which can only be understood in relation to the constraints that arise out of the centre-periphery relationship. The dependency theory plays a vital role in guiding state action. Moreover, the social relation nature of the state is another aspect that explains the different theories of the state. The social phenomenon that is present in a state cannot be separated; hence, they form a social relation. As such, social relations, that is, relations between people are characterized as unstable, fluid, often passionate, and unpredictable. However, they rigidify to forms that appear to get hold of their own dynamic, and their own autonomy, forms, which are vital for societal stability, especially the capitalist society. As such, it is difficult to scientifically think about such forms, and doing so is like a criticism to the discipline. Therefore, it is vital to develop theories that explain in d etails such rigidity of the state. In addition, such a theory forms the basis of understanding the togetherness that prevails among states. The nature of the states is another key factor that results in different theories of the state. The derivation of the state can be either singular or as capitalists puts it â€Å"nation-state† form, as such this concept strives to the understanding of the political or statehood. In addition, to analyze the relationship between society and the state it is necessary to assume a correlation between society, state and social class. To alleviate the confusion that may arise between ‘the political’ and the state, a theoretical generalization is necessary. For a better conceptualization of the relationship between the globally mobile capital and the nationally fixed state, it is necessary to analyze political development in relation to the conflict that result from capital fractions and the state. This linkage between capital and st ate is shown using personal connections and family links, and as such the links are theoretically explored in order to bring out clearly the capitalist nature of the economy. This is evident in theories such as classic theories of imperialism, state capitalist theory and state monopoly capitalist theory (Shaw, 2000, p. 51). The growing competition among states, as well as the varying positions of different economies in regard to global capital cannot be sufficiently discussed in relation to competition among ‘national capitals’. This discussion can be sufficiently deliberated from the mobility of capital perspective as compared to immobility of capital standpoint. Not only does the existence of a single country depend on world capitalism reproduction, but also on capitalism reproduction within its borders. The competitive struggle that is witnessed among states is not only concerning a competition between national capitals, however it is a struggle between states to ret ain and attract a share of the global capital (Holloway, 1995, p. 61). This can only be achieved through ensuring favorable conditions such as maintenance of law and order, building of infrastructure, provision of education, as well as labor power regulation within a national state borders. As such, states depicts an antagonism, which expresses not an exploitation of the periphery states by the developed states, but rather expose the unequal struggle between states in relation to global capital attraction (Beer, 1974, p. 77). According to the dependency theory, states can only be understood in relation to their presence in the bipolar world whose main characterization is exploitation. However, exploitation is not poor countries exploiting rich countries, but an exploitation of global labor by world capital, and again the bipolarity is the one for class. In this sense, it is difficult to understand the relation between states as an external one, and as such, the understanding of nati onal development can only be theorized in order to point out a clear understanding of a national state development and limit confusion that may occasion any generalization made scientifically (Marciano, 2005, p. 78). Corporatist theory I prefer this theory since it create an economic system, which serves the interest of all the groups. In this case, a hybrid system will serve this purpose best, as observed in the case of United States. The components of such a system are that it provides the private sector and public (government) with the opportunity to control equally part of the natural resources. These will ensure that the different opinions in the society receive a moderate balance. In addition, the system should be one which the government plays a pivotal role in providing the necessary solutions and strategies of solving the problems facing the society (Barzel, 2002, p. 52). In addition, the system, as well, will ensure integration of both the private sector and government uni ts in the production of various goods and services to solve amicably the issues prevailing in a society. The government cannot solely provide quality and affordable goods and services that can be equitably distributed among the members of the society (Wiarda, 1981, p. 77). For instance, the government cannot provide quality health and education facilities to all members of the society; this will create conflict among the society members. When access to resources and means of production is by both the government and the private sector, the government will have surplus resources that can be used in providing services such as health, education, infrastructure, legal, and military defense to the society (Pressman, 2006, p. 31). The system should also have components such as, the government ability to take precedence in any decisions that move around quantity of goods to be produced. The government is responsible in making final decisions whenever there is an issue that brings contention , and the two parties cannot square out a balance. The private sector contribution to the economy should be geared towards the achievement of objectives that add to equitable and fair distribution of available resources. The resources should be utilized in a manner that will consider those of future generation. The utilization of resources should be socially oriented. The overall pattern of the economic system has changed due to a change in some trends, in the economy. Some of these trends include; democratization, significant shift to market economies as well as the revival of cultural and ethnic politics (Dunleavy, 1994, p. 48). Democracy is taking the center stage in the political arena of many countries, with economies engaging in free, regular and fair elections. Democracy has nurtured civil liberties like freedom of speech, assembly and belief, neutrality in legal aspects, civilian control of the military, presence of civil societies that provide individuals with opportunities to own and operate their property as well as a rule of law that ensure equal opportunities for all the citizens in an economy. This is in relation to the key features that corporatism nurtures and strengthens (Centeno, 2001, p. 54). The resulting competition, which arise when an economy facilitates the engagement of both the private and public sectors of the economy has influenced the shift by most of the economies to a market system. Economies are moving to systems that foster success and recently a term known as marketization whose adoption by a good number of economies is on the rise. Marketization describes a re-creation in the economy where labor, goods, services and property are all allowed to function in a market, that is, a competitive environment to determine their price. The move has seen privatization of state owned property, where the government decides to sell some property they own to private individuals (Wagner, 2007, p. 86). Fragmentations that exist among the membe rs of the society play a pivotal role in determining and shaping politics in the world. Nationalism is on its diving mode due to the increasing globalization. The revival of cultural and ethical conflicts can hamper the system prevailing in an economy. This is because nations that have varying ideologies and socioeconomic differences may lead to a shift in the economic system from realism to a pluralism economy. In this sense, it is necessary to have government interventions so as o mitigate the consequences that could result from conflicting ideologies among society members (Hestad, 2009, p. 34). When an economy embraces corporatism, there is some degree of success. The measurement of success of an economy is through the economic progress indicators. The main indicators of economic progress include; equal distribution of resources, low levels of poverty, low levels of illiteracy, life expectancy rate improvement, improved agriculture, as well as equitable access of opportunities (D unleavy OLeary, 2000, p. 61). For, the system to accurately function a central planning authority should be the place with a mandate of ensuring that there is an achievement of proper planning and allocation of resources. The planning authority is in a central place where all the different aspects of economic resources are channel to, and their function is to draw up a plan of ensuring that all societies benefit from their efforts and resources, for example, the one that is in place in United States (Pressman, 2006, p. 72). In addition, corporatism asserts that the ownership of a number of resources is by individuals and some by the Government. The decisions regarding the production of goods are partly by individuals and partly by the government. For example, land, factories and other properties can be under the ownership of individuals and departments like railways, sea and airports are under the control of the Government. The opinions of individuals and government are deposit int o consideration when making a decision (Morrow, 1995, p. 56). Based on these documented studies and literature, a state has complex relations that can only be explained by the help of a theory. Each theory has its main tenets that underlie its development, and these points at the key features that are common among states. With such deliberation between the reasons for a considerable number of theories of the state, this essay maintains that an economy such as United States and any other similar state can utilize corporatism theory to attain its microeconomic objectives of fair distribution of resources, price stability, as well as economic growth (Cole, 1994, p. 42). References Avineri , S., 2004, Hegels theory of the modern state. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Barzel, Y., 2002, A theory of the state: economic rights, legal rights, and the scope of  the State Political economy of institutions and decisions. New York: Cambridge University Press. Barzel, Y., 2005, A theory of the state: economic rights, legal rights, and the scope of  the state. New York: Sage. Beer, S., 1974, Designing Freedom, Chichester. New York: John Wiley Sons. Centeno, M. A., 2001, The other mirror: grand theory through the lens of Latin  America. New York: Princeton University Press. Cole, G. H., 1994, The pluralist theory of the state. New York: Routledge. Dubbink, W., 2003, ‘State, Market and Civil Society in a New Configuration’, In Wim  Dubbink, Assisting the Invisible Hand: Contested Relations Between Market, State and Civil Society. Dordecht: Kluwer Publishing. Duncan, G. C., 2009, Democracy and the capitalist state, London: CUP Archive. Dunleavy, P., OLeary, B., 2000, Theories of the state: the politics of liberal  democracy. New York: New Amsterdam. Dunleavy, P., 1994, Theories of the state: the politics of liberal democracy. New York: Education. Eckersley, R., 2004, The green state: rethinking democracy and sovereignty, New York: MIT Press. Hay, C., Marsh, D., Liste, M., 2007, The State- Theories and Issues. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Hestad, L., 2009, Theories of the state. Dakota: University of South Dakota. Holloway, J., 1995, Global Capital and the National State. Basingtoke: MacMillan. Kelsen, H., 2007, General Theory of Law And State, New York: The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. Marciano, A. J., 2005, Law and the state: a political economy approach. New York: Edward Elgar Publishing. Morrow, R., 1995, Social theory and education: a critique of theories of social and  cultural reproduction. London: SUNY Press. Pressman, S., 2006, Alternative theories of the state. London: Palgrave MacMillan Pressman, S., 2010, Alternative theories of the state. London: Sage. Shaw, M., 2000, Theory of the global state: globality as unfinished revolution, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Smith, G. H., 1995, The theory of the state. New York: Princeton University. Wagner , R. H., 2007, War and the state: the theory of international pol itics. Michigan: University of Michigan Press. Wiarda, H. J., 1981, Corporatism and national development in Latin America. New York: Westview Press. Williamson, P. J., 2010, Varieties of Corporatism: A Conceptual Discussion, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Williamson, P. J., 1989, Corporatism in perspective: an introductory guide to  corporatist theory, New York: Sage.

Nursing shortage Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nursing shortage - Research Paper Example Nurses are needed in the care for individuals in hospitals as well as the general population of the world because of their unique ability not only to save the lives of their patients, but also for improving their outcomes. When one considers the current situation, it can be said that the public misunderstanding of exactly what nurses do has mainly caused the shortage. In most cases, the public holds take the duties that nurses perform for granted, giving more importance to doctors than to nurses. This has given rise to the notion that the nursing profession is not important, therefore influencing the decision of many people who would have gone into the profession to choose other professions which are deemed to be more important. The shortage can be said to be caused by three main factors which include poor working conditions, limited funding available for research, and finally, the short staffing in hospitals. The nursing profession has been taken for granted for a long time and it i s only recently that its importance has come to be recognized as a shortage has developed. This shortage in the number of nurses in hospitals has created a situation where there is understaffing meaning that the available nurses have to work long hours (Mee and Robinson, 2003). These long hours has a tendency of taking a toll on the physical and mental wellbeing of the nurses involved and may lead to a reduction in their performance levels. This reduction in their performance means that the wellbeing of their patients is placed in jeopardy since some of them may require more attention from the nurses in order to make a quick recovery. A nursing shortage, therefore, creates a situation where patients are not provided with the best healthcare available and this is mainly due to the low nurse to patient ratio that the shortage creates. If this shortage is not countered with efficient policies, then it will most likely end up costing the health systems of many countries dear. This is be cause of the fact that without nurses, there will be a low patient outcome since the patients will not be receiving the care they need to recover effectively. Furthermore, as the aging population continues to increase and the demand for nurses also increases, there is the possibility that the mortality rate of the human population will be quite high in the coming years (â€Å"Critical care medicine†, 2002). The nursing shortage has dire implications on the future of the nursing profession and among these is the possibility that in future, there may be a shortage of teachers to teach the new generation of nurses. This is mainly because the number of experience nurses available to guide the younger generation of nurses into the profession will be extremely low. This will create a situation where it will be impossible for nurses to work effectively most of their action will be done through trial and error, ensuring that the patient outcome remains low. The future of this profess ion is quite bleak because it has for a long time been associated to women, who in the modern times have a wide range of career option open to them. This means that the idea of nursing as the premier professional option for women is fast fading away. It is therefore prudent for healthcare policymakers to make the profession more attractive to the younger generation through improving the working conditions, providing enough

Technology Management in Electronic Goods Company Essay

Technology Management in Electronic Goods Company - Essay Example We will consider the performance and demands of the products in the market in the light of the theoretical framework developed by Christensen. We will discuss the contribution of Christensen’s concepts in developing the strategy for avoiding the disruption in the market from the point of view of incumbent (Bower, 1995). We will also consider the prospects of Electra from the point of view of new emergent in the market as well as disruptors. Low-end disruption and high-end disruption scenarios will be discussed herein. Criterion or the basis for production and purchase is included. New market disruption will be highlighted in the later parts of the report. At the end, the strategies to maintain a sustained technological development in the market to avoid incurring of disruption will be described (Bower, 1995). 2. Theoretical Concepts: Christensen’s Contribution 2.1) Basic Concepts The theoretical framework of disruption in the market of existing technologies and products was laid by Clayton M. Christensen. He proposed the ideas of â€Å"Disruptive Innovation† which refers the products or values in the market that provide new dimensions or uses to customers (Bower, 1995). It focuses on providing something new in the market which is markedly different than the current products. The performance of the new products may or may not be superior to the existing technology but these items are supporting the desires of the people who are purchasing them. The term of â€Å"disruption† is often used in the realm of business which defines the phenomenon of tremendous improvement in the current technology that the existing technology couldn’t predict or anticipate (Archibugi, 1997). The innovation in the market can be introduced either by targeting a new set of consumers or lowering the prices of the existing products by lowering their performance from the current standards but keeping them above the expectations of consumers (Adner, 2002). Disruptive technology is markedly different from sustainable innovation. The latter refers to the sane series of products in the market with superior performance (Chandy, 2000). The applications could be increased with superior output. However, the dimensions of the products are kept the same. In disruptive technology, the marketers try an entirely new type of product that has no prior link to the existing technology. The new technology targets a set of consumers. The consumers may lie at lo-end or high-end of quality expectations. Their demand sets the basis for disruption of the existing products. If the new products meet the requirements of the consumers at lower performance and cost, then disruption is certainly set in (Charitou, 2012). 2.2) Intersecting Performance Projector of Sustainable Technology and Disruptive Technology The hypothesis proposed by Christensen declares the firms and companies to be climbers in performance measures. They need to upgrade their standards with time to keep up with the market requirements. The continuous rise in performance marks the existence of the company in the market. If improvement in the performance is not achieved, then it would reduce the business considerably. Christensen’s concept of the company states that the firm holds its existing â€Å"value networks† that doesn’t emphasize much on innovations in the market (Christensen, 1998). The hypothesis of Christensen focused on strategies to avoid the technological disruption in the market.

Children and violence Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Children and violence - Research Paper Example Nowadays, there is much concern on the incidents of violence among adolescents and children. This troubling and complex issue needs a deep understanding by teachers, parents, as well as other adults. Children, as young as those in preschool portray violent characteristics, possibly due to the violent surroundings they are exposed to. This presents a lot of challenges to the parents, teachers and the wider society. Thus, this essay will look into such challenges facing children, their effects and the solution to the violence crisis in the society. The rising violence rates in most American cities show that most children are being raised in conditions known as â€Å"inner-city war zones† (Garbino et.al., 1992). However, the violence problem is not limited to a particular group or community. Every child today is affected by this violence which pervades the contemporary society. Thus, a healthy progress of children in today’s world has been jeopardized. The causes as well as effects of cases of violence in the society are complex just as they are interrelated; most violence arises from social prejudice common in the society. Key among the major contributors are unemployment, racism, poverty, substance abuse, guns proliferation, abusive parenting practices, and everyday exposure to violent scenes via the media, among others (Craig, 1992). Currently, every fifth child is exposed to poverty; for the children below six years, the number is twenty five percent. The fundamental services to families with a low income have been significantly reduced in the past decade as the federal funding in America has been cut. With the disappearance of social programs and the deterioration of the economy, violence in schools, homes, and communities have escalated. The handguns proliferations have also greatly contributed to the increasing violent assaults as well as homicides that children

Procurement Analysis Implementation

Procurement Analysis Implementation The development of procurement strategy follows the stages in the life of a project. Initially, a preliminary strategy is determined. It is based on a broad definition of objectives and is an essential step in establishing the way forward for the project. It encourages the client to consider strategy early. The preliminary procurement strategy is usually developed with help from the clients adviser and possibly other consultants. Procurement strategy development has three components: †¢ analysis assessing and setting the priorities of the project objectives and requirements; †¢ choice considering possible options, evaluating them and selecting the most appropriate; and †¢ implementation putting the chosen strategy into effect. During strategy preparation, it may be necessary to seek specialist advice from other consultants, for example, in relation to expected costs for the project. The adviser should advise the client on this. Specialist advice should besought when developing the strategy for novel or especially difficult projects. Until construction contracts are let, the client, with help from his adviser, must systematically ensure that the strategy is on course to meet the projects established objectives. This is important because objectives sometimes change. Procurement Methods There are various methods of procurement which can be broadly classified under the following headings: Traditional Design and Build Two Stage Tendering Public Private Partnerships / Private Finance Initiative Management Contracting Construction Management Framework Agreements Each method has different aspects of risk transfer and no one method can be classed as best overall. Traditional Procurement In this method the Contractor builds to a defined scope of works for a fixed price lump sum. The client retains the responsibility for the design and the project team. The contractor will be appointed normally following a tender process or negotiation and will sign up to a contract for the works. There are a number of standard forms of building contract available for this purpose. Design and Build Procurement The Client appoints a building contractor, as before standard forms of contract are available for this purpose to provide a completed building to an agreed cost and programme. The Contractor is responsible for design and construction. The Contractor can be chosen through a tender process or through negotiation. The Client can appoint a consultant to oversee the works. Maximum risk is transferred following this method of procurement, although a commercial response to design in order to address contract conditions can result. An alternative is to appoint a contractor when designs have been developed in order to retain control of the important elements of design and specification. The Design Team can then transfer their contractual obligations to the contractor and complete the designs on behalf of the Contractor. This process is called Novation. Two Stage Tender Procurement In this process, the Contractor is appointed on the basis of a first stage tender which determines the level of overhead and profit for each Contractor. The Contractor then works with the Project Team during the second stage to develop the designs and establish detailed costings for separate project work elements. This process will provide for a fixed price on a detailed design basis. The provider can then enter into a contract on this fixed price basis and also pursue the opportunity to novate the Design Team as with the Design and Build Procurement route as previously noted. This process requires a long second stage period in which to design and tender the different work elements and therefore a start on site would occur later than normal. Public Private Partnerships Public Private Partnerships (PPP), particularly Private Finance Initiatives (PFI) projects are created for the provision of services and not specifically for the exclusive provision of capital assets such as buildings. It is therefore preferable to investigate PPPs as soon as possible after a user need has been identified rather than leaving it until a conventional construction project has been selected as the solution. It should be noted that the tendering process in this procurement route is expensive and requires negotiation rather than competitive tendering. In comparison with other procurement routes the time from commencement of the project to attaining a start on site is substantially longer. Management Contracting This is a fast track strategy which overlaps the design and construction stages and allows early elements of the construction process to be commenced before design has been completed. The Management Contractor is engaged to manage the overall contract in return for a fee. The Management Contractor can therefore be appointed early in the design and can advise on buildability and programming. In addition to the contract with the Management Contractor, the contracts for the individual work packages are between the Management Contractor and the individual sub-contractors. A cost plan is utilised to control the development costs although actual costs cannot be obtained until the final work package has been awarded. Construction Management This is also a fast track strategy where individual elements of the project are let before the design of later work packages or elements have been completed. The provider will appoint a Construction Manager to manage the overall contract in return for a management fee as with Management Contracting. Also, as before, the project can benefit from early involvement of the Contractor. In this process the contracts for the sub-contractors are placed directly between the Client and the sub-contractor and the Client will need to have a high level of involvement during the design development and the construction phases of the work. As with Management Contracting, the final costs will only be known once the final work elements have been awarded. Framework Agreements Framework Agreements can be established with single suppliers or with a limited number of suppliers. Frameworks can allow suppliers to be brought together with the relevant expertise and experience which can result in savings to both parties where a number of projects are involved. These agreements can cover different forms of procurement including Design and Build, Traditional, etc. The LSC are currently developing framework agreements for consultancy services accross the country. These should be available for use by colleges by early 2008. Following on from this, the LSC will also be working on developing a contractors framework. London Heathrow Airport (LHA/EGLL) Terminal 5, United Kingdom Terminal 5 is one of Europes largest and most complex construction projects. With 16 major projects and over 147 sub-projects, it has encompassed a vast and hugely complex programme of works. Key Data Start Year September 2002 Project Type New terminal construction Location London, UK Contract Value  £4.2bn Completion Phase 1 April 2008Phase 2 2011 Key Players Sponsors BAA, private investment, HM Government Lead Architect Richard Rogers Partnership Strategic Planning and Design Services Halcrow Group Ltd Cost Consultant Services E C Harris Group Ltd Turner and Townsend Group Planning Supervisor Bovis Engineering Ltd Structural Tunnel and Rail Consultant Mott MacDonald Ltd Project Management and Support Services Parsons Brinkerhoff Ltd Civil construction infrastructure and logistics delivery Laing ORourke Civil Engineering Ltd Architectural station design consultant architectural production and brief development HOK International Ltd Construction management Mace Ltd Technical features: In addition to the main terminal building, Terminal 5 also consists of two satellite buildings (the second of which will be completed by 2010), 60 aircraft stands, a new air traffic control tower, a 4,000 space multi storey car park, the creation of a new spur road from the M25, a 600 bed hotel, the diversion of two rivers and over 13 kilometres of bored tunnel, including extensions to the Heathrow Express and Piccadilly Line services. This work encompasses a multitude of construction related skills including civil engineering, building, highway engineering, mechanical  and  electrical engineering, tunnelling, railway engineering, specialist systems technology and project logistics management. The Stages of Construction: Stage1: Site preparation and enabling words Firstly the 260 hectare site was surveyed and excavated by archaeologists.   Preparation for construction then involved levelling the site, removing the sludge lagoons and building temporary facilities including roads, offices and logistics centres. Stage 2: Groundworks substructures This phase included the earthworks and the construction of the foundations and substructures for the terminal basements. It also included building the drainage systems and the rail tunnels.  Ã‚   A total of 9 million cubic meters of earth will have been excavated during the earthworks phase. A proportion of this earth was used to create the embankments for the M25 spur road and landscape the Colne Valley, while the rest is used to backfill the main site. Stage 3: Major structures This phase included erecting the huge free standing roof structure of the main terminal building (T5A), and its interior superstructure. It also included the superstructure and roof of the first satellite (T5B) as well as the multi-storey car park and ancillary buildings such as the energy centre. Stage 4: Fit out This involved the fit out of the buildings interiors including, the building services modules (ie, power, heating and ventilation systems), the baggage system, the track transit system (people mover) and specialist electronic systems.   It also included the fixtures and fittings and the retail areas. Stage 5: Implementation of operational readiness Operational readiness is necessary to ensure that Terminal 5s infrastructure and systems are fully complete and tested, that staff working in the terminal are properly trained and that all the necessary operational procedures for Terminal 5s opening day on 27 March 2008 are in place. Phase 2: Construction for the basements for the second satellite building (T5C) and additional aircraft stands commenced in 2006.   However, the main building structure will not be completed until 2010. Procurement Strategy Adopted T5 Agreement From the outset BAA recognised that the risk associated with such a huge and complex infrastructure project required a fresh approach to construction management.  Research conducted by BAA into major construction projects highlighted two key areas that seemed to undermine progress; cultural confusion and the reluctance to acknowledge risk.In a move to prevent Terminal 5 from suffering from costly delays and budget over-runs, BAA developed a unique and bespoke commercial partnering agreement with contractors and suppliers called The Terminal 5 agreement.  A contract based on relations and behaviours, it was designed to expose risk rather than transfer it to other parties. Advantages: a)UK construction best practice is expected as a minimum standard on, and in light of this the project has had to ensure key milestones are met on time, on cost and to high quality and safety standards. b)An incentive scheme encourages teams to work together in order to find the most efficient way of achieving these milestones. c)Through the agreement BAA accepts that it carries all of the risk for the construction project. d) Focus on managing out the cause of problems, not the effects if they happen e) Work in truly integrated teams in a successful, if uncertain environment f) Focus on proactively managing risk rather than avoiding litigation. g)With the burden of accountability lifted, those working on T5 can do so innovatively and positively. While traditional arrangements can result in a highly unproductive culture of blame and confrontation if something goes wrong, h)Under the T5 Agreement a premium is placed on delivering solutions and results. I)Many of the suppliers involved in Terminal 5 were brought on-board at the earliest stages of the planning process. This enabled completely integrated expert teams to work together to identify potential problems and issues before designs were finalised and fabrication and construction began. As a result the teams of suppliers and consultants are in a position to add value whilst designing safe solutions within the time, quality, cost and safety targets. j)UK construction best practice performance on Terminal 5 is expected as a minimum standard. In light of this, the project has to ensure key milestones are met on time, on cost and to high quality and safety standards. k) BAA only has a direct contractual relationship with ‘First Tier suppliers, of which there are around 60. It is the First Tier suppliers who are responsible for the appointment and management of ‘Second Tiersuppliers or subcontractors. In doing so they too are expected to operate within the spirit of the T5 Agreement. The English national stadium project at Wembley Key Facts about Wembley: The stadium will be used primarily for football and rugby league but will also, after adaptation, be capable of hosting major international athletics events. ! The project is expected to cost  £757 million and is scheduled for completion early in 2006. ! The Football Association is contributing  £148 million to the project and commercial lenders have provided debt facilities of  £433 million. ! The public sector funders are providing  £161 million ( £120 million of lottery money from Sport England,  £20 million from the Department for CultureMedia and Sport and  £21 million from the London Development Agency) to the project. ! The stadium will be owned and operated by Wembley National Stadium Limited,a wholly owned subsidiary of the Football Association. ! Profits from the operation of the stadium will be used by the Football Association in accordance with its objects for the benefit of football. ! Starting five years after the stadium opens, Wembley National Stadium Limited will donate one per cent of its turnover each year for distribution to sports education and other projects. Key Features: With 90,000 seats, the new Wembley is the largest stadium in the world with every seat under cover. This capacity is separated into 3 tiers of seating, with the lower tier holding 34,303 spectators, the middle one 16,932 and the upper one 39,165[14] The stadium contains 2,618 toilets, more than any other venue in the world.[15] The stadium has a circumference of 1  km (0.6  mi).[2] At its peak, there were more than 3,500 construction workers on site.[16] 4,000 separate piles form the foundations of the new stadium,[2] the deepest of which is 35  m (115  ft).[2] There are 56 km (35 miles) of heavy-duty power cables in the stadium.[2] 90,000  m ³ (120,000  cu  yds) of concrete and 23,000 tonnes (25,000 short tons) of steel were used in the construction of the new stadium.[2] The total length of the escalators is 400  m ( ¼Ã‚  mi).[2] The Wembley Arch has a diameter greater than that of a cross-channel train.[17][18]

Crusades :: essays research papers

Later Crusades Essay.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After the first Christian Crusade that begun in 1095 there were eight classified crusades that generally aimed towards the area of Sirya and Palestne that lasted untill the 1270’s. Yet after much humiliation and the repeated defeat of the Crusaders in the Lavant, most of the Eropean powers understood the fact that the Holy Land was unnatainable. Most the crusading efforts were aimed at the enemies of Catholics such as the Turkish invaders who sought to destroy Christianity and the doctrinal heretics in Bohemia. Two such crusades are The Crusade agains the Ottoman turks which started around the mid 14th century and the crusade agains the Hussite heretics which started in 1420. To further understand the similarities and differences between these two crusades perhaps it would be best to associate them to our definition of a crusade and see how they compare and differ from each other as well as compare them to the first crusade. The reason I chose to analize pa rticularly these two crusades is because they fall into the same time frame, have different objectives and perhaps hinder the each other’s succes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After the defeat of the Seljuk Turks by the Mongols in 1243 a Ghazi prince by the name of Ertugrul had assimilated a small state by his death in 1280. This state, later ruled by his son Osman had spread it’s rule over a large area in north-west Asia Minor, as far as the Agean and the Black sea. This was the beginning of the Ottoman Turks as well as the beginning of their wide spread conquest of the region due to their state being well governed as well as having a disciplined army. By 1331 the Ottoman Turks have taken Nicaea and Uskudar (across the Bosporus from Constantinople) and by 1389 had singificant dominance over the Balkans. In 1370 the new Catholic pope, Gregory XI was already raising the threat of the Ottoman’s to the European lords. Yet a major unity of European powers were wrecked by the self-interest of each country and it’s benefit. For example the German princes did not want to have a major crusade for the fear of rising imperial authority. During this time every ruler in Europe â€Å"†¦acknowledged the need for a crusade, as the only practicable means of pooling the resources required to combat this massive and hostile power; but in practice nearly all of them blocked its organization† .

Influence Of The Media In Forming Negative Body Image Among Females

We set out in this paper to explore the influence of the media in forming negative body image among females. In the course of the research, we also looked at the influence of media—primarily TV watching—on males just to compare the two groups and their responses to media images. Our findings reveal that although distortions in body image are growing among both males and females, females are especially vulnerable to body-image messages and respond to them with distorted behaviors around dieting and with lowered self-esteem or self-image.These conclusions are supported further by some of the work of Garner, Garfinkel, and Olmstead (1983) who claim that media exposure to stereotypes of very thin women models and reinforces the association between thinness and the characteristics such as physical attractiveness, desirability, personal self-worth, and success. This can lead to internalization of a thin ideal stereotype by females, which can result in distortion of the mental image of themselves (Downs & Harrison, 1985; Ogletree, S.M. , Williams, S. W. , Raffeld, P. , Mason, B. , & Fricke, K. , 1990; Salmons, Lewis, Rogers, Gotherer, & Booth, 1988). Indeed, Myers and Biocca (1992) claim that only 30 minutes of TV watch a day can alter a young woman’s perception of body shape. Why is this important? First, of all the effect of pervasive media influence, such as extensive TV watching and the reading of women’s magazine which are full of diet programs, are distorting the image of females’ perceptions of their ideal body image.Whereas, in some eras in history a â€Å"Rubenesque† or plump figure was considered a favorable body type, in this period of time the ideal type is an emaciated look. This distortion can lead to behaviors that create unhealthy dieting and exercise patterns that have the potential to seriously affect a young woman’s long-term health outlook and can lead to diseases such as Anorexia nervosa and Bulimia . A second consideration is the role of self-image. It appears as something of a chicken-and-egg issue. That is, do media images cause lowered self-esteem and lead to unhealthy dieting and exercise behavior.Or does the practice of consistently unhealthy behaviors that don’t lead to the distorted image that is imagined by some women cause lowered self-esteem? In an article on the Media Awareness Network, it is claimed that all this media barrage leaves the message that women are always in need of adjustment so that whether it starts with the chicken or the egg the woman is going after a mostly unattainable goal of extreme thinness and thus can’t win and will ultimately end up with a lowered self-image.The third point is that the media benefit from the constant message that women are inadequate. The article on the Media Awareness Network cites the fact that the diet, cosmetic, and plastic surgery industries are direct beneficiaries of women’s feelings that their b ody images are inadequate. They state that, â€Å"By presenting an ideal difficult to achieve and maintain, the cosmetic and diet product industries are assured of growth and profits. And it’s no accident that youth is increasingly promoted, along with thinness, as an essential criterion of beauty.Such women are more likely to buy beauty products, new clothes, diet aids, and memberships to health clubs. Obviously, this is a situation where a need is created, a consumer is convinced of the need, and services and products are introduced to fill the need. What are some of the considerations that exist that are trying to address and disrupt this unhealthy contract? The article on the Media Awareness Network states that â€Å"There have been efforts in the magazine industry to buck the trend.For several years the Quebec magazine Coup de Pouce has consistently included full-sized women in their fashion pages and Chà ¢telaine has pledged not to touch up photos and not to include models less than 25 years of age. † There was also significant attention to the models for Dove cosmetic products, who were average-sized women. These ads appeared in magazines and on TV. An informal scan of TV ads and programs might show some average-sized women, but they are still few and far between. Our unfortunate conclusion is that the fantasy image of a super-thin woman still sells products.

Bm 3614 Professional Selling ; Sales Management Product

BMW 3614 Professional Selling & Sales Management Product Features & Benefits Deconstruction and Creation of a ‘Silent Seller' You are required to do this assignment if you failed assignment 1 Briefing Sheet for Assignment 1 Analytical Step 1 . Select any single tangible product OR intangible service of your choice. 2. Secure a brochure or download other product information from the web. 3. Make a list of what you consider to be the most important product features. In this context the ‘cutting ; pasting of narrative information from your source material is allowed. 4.Link your list of features each with a corresponding benefit to form feature / benefit pairs. This analysis and listing will be captured in a Powering slide (refer to slide templates). 5. Perform a ‘benchmark comparison between your selected product and either a named single competitor or with similar competitor products in general. Be sure to provide a clear notation of your selected product's benchmark ing as either ‘o' (equivalent), ‘+' (better than), or ‘-‘ (worse than)you comparator. Your benchmarking comparison will also be captured in a Powering slide (refer to slide templates).Silent Seller Narrative 6. Create a general equivalence statement based on your ‘co's. 7. Create a specific recommendations statement based on your ‘+g's. 8. Highlight which potential objections have been identified based on your ‘-g's. 9. Create statement/s as to how you intend to deal with potential objections. Collectively, your silent seller narrative will be captured reprint slide (rater to Source Material 10. Examples of your source material should be submitted along with your Assignment. So WSDL I Buy one? 1 1 . The overall level of convincingness of your rationale and recommendation will also be assessed.

Euthyphro †Plato

Euthyphro – Plato The concept that needs to be defined is that of piety/ holiness. Euthyphro is in the verge of prosecuting his father because of the crime he committed. Socrates is surprised by the action of Euthyphro. However, Euthyphro argues that his action is pious.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Euthyphro – Plato specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This action makes Socrates to wonder whether impiety and piety knowledge that Euthyphro posses are adequate enough to allow him prosecute his father by not behaving impiously. As a result, they search for piety definition as understood by Euthyphro. The dialogue between the two terminates without getting a clear definition of what piety means (Cohen, N.D). Definition of piety by Euthyphro The definition of piety is offered by Euthyphro in four different perspectives. From the initial dialogue between Socrates and Euthyphro, Euthyphro is in the verge of prosecuting his own father. This is because he murdered a murderer. The underlying philosophy behind the actions of Euthyphro is not understood by Socrates. However, he is keen to learn with an aim of understanding Euthyphro and how he ended holding such a super power in the whole state. Socrates was preparing himself to face trial. As such, he wanted to attain the same respect that had already been achieved by Euthyphro. In their dialogue, Euthyphro understands the various definition of piety. On the contrary, throughout their dialogue, Euthyphro gives out four different piety definitions some of which contradict each other (Brickhouse Smith, 1995). According to Socrates, there are numerous limitations with regards to his definitions and continues to insist for an answer that is satisfactory. His initial definition can be found in the following statement, â€Å"piety means prosecuting the unjust individual who has committed murder or sacrilege, or any other such crime† (Plato, N.D, p.5). This is in r eference to his father’s prosecution for murder charges. Piety is therefore considered as that action which does not maintain the city justice. Therefore, if a single man acts in a disgraceful manner, he needs to face justice by being prosecuted and justice enforced. To emphasize on this point, a reference is made to Kronos the father of Zeus and Zeus himself. Kronos was bound by his son Zeus because he consumed his own children. After being bound, Zeus escaped. Ironically, Kronos managed to castrate his own father because he consumed his own children. However, it is argued by Euthyphro that, in comparison to all gods, Zeus is the most just. Therefore, Euthyphro is trying to appease the gods by being just. Thereby prosecuting the society wrong doers such as in the case of his father, Zeus and his father as presented in the book.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Anothe r definition of piety provided by Euthyphro to Socrates states that, â€Å"the pious is to do what I am doing now to prosecute the wrong doer† (Plato, N.D, p.9). In that case, he prosecutes his own father despite people being against his actions. This definition is not accepted by Socrates because it is only an example given rather than a definition. According to Socrates view, the definition of piety given by Euthyphro is not objective as they are not similar in each and every situation and they are not explanatory. Another definition of piety by Euthyphro is that† The pious is what is dear to gods (6c-8d). This definition is fine to Euthyphro. Nevertheless, Socrates argues that, a lot of things are disagreed upon by gods. For instance, the idea of him prosecuting his father might be okay with Zeus but not appealing to the overthrown Kronos. Socrates main goal From the dialogue between Socrates and Euthyphro, the main goal of Socrates was to have a clear definition of what piety was. However, Euthyphro gave him examples rather than a single definition. In addition to that, Socrates wanted to understand Euthyphro better and how he raised to that powerful position in the state. Socrates was about to face trial and his main objective was to make sure he worn the case by understanding the true meaning of piety. According to my own definition, piety is the reverence and devotion to God and religious practices. For instance, going to church and listening to sermons is a good example of piety. Therefore, Euthyphro was obeying his gods by prosecuting his father. Given the fact that his father had committed a crime, he was supposed to face justice and pay for his sins. Additionally, piety can be perceived as the science of sacrifice and prayer. In essence, piety is acknowledging what needs to be done in sacrifices and prayer in order to please gods. Therefore, individuals should have a clear knowledge of how they can address their gods in times of prayers and sacrifices. Hence, an individual needs to please god. However, according to Socrates arguments, he believes that there is no co-existence between the god-loved class and pious things class. His arguments are based on substituting the two terms† god-loved† and â€Å"pious† in his statements. The substitution result to sentences that are false. References Brickhouse, T. C., Smith, N. D. (1995). Platos Socrates. New York: Oxford University. Press.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Euthyphro – Plato specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Cohen, M.C. (n.d). Socrates on the Definition of Piety: Euthyphro 10a- 11b. Retrieved from http://faculty.washington.edu/smcohen/Euthyphro.pdf Plato, M Jowett, B. (n.d.). Euthyphro: Project Gutenberg. Retrieved from gutenberg.org/ebooks/1642