Brave And Strong Women During The Civil War Essay

Brave and Strong Women in the Civil War Keyamber Ford Central High School November 9, 2015 4th Period Abstract Women in the Civil War were basically the beginning of a movement, because many people thought that women could not accomplish fighting in a war. The role of women in the Civil War failed to be noticed by people in history. Women’s roles prior to the Civil War were to take care of home and family. Single women or those who were poor could find work outside the home, but there was a short list of things or places for them many women who stayed home also became the center of the arrangement of ladies gathering supplies and raising funds for the soldiers. Brave and Strong: Women in the Civil War The Civil War began April 12, 1861 and ended on April 9, 1865. Plenty of men fought in this war, but so did many women. Women had the job to be nurses, caretakers, or become like a mother to some of the men during war, but they also fought. Many people did not know that women was fighting in the Civil War, some even had husbands fighting in the war. Women decided they needed to change the world once for all by fighting and showing people they can actually do a job of a man. Women were only supposed to be the backbone of the family. They had to cook, clean, and make sure the kids were taking care of while the husband is off fighting. But women decided to help the males and leave home with men names and faces to get into the war and help them fight. LadiesShow MoreRelatedWomen During The Revolutionary War1197 Words   |  5 PagesWomen serving in the military is a topic that most people have very strong convictions on. Rather you are for or against women serving, you can find strong opinions that support both sides in this contentious dispute. Women have struggled to fit into the military life for years. Even though woman have fought alongside men in each key battle from the start of the American Revolution, they still find it hard to shake the stereo types about woman who serve. Woman have always had to cloak themselvesRead MoreWomen Of The Civil War1720 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Civil War, it was erected to make sure the men would not have died in vain, and after reading it I could not help but to ask myself, â€Å"Are we to let the women?† Kids will learn of the Civil War starting in elementary school, and will continue to do so as far as their education leads them. They will learn of the brave men who fought for their beliefs and rights, brother who fought against brother, and the men who led these soldiers into battle. There is, however, one side of the Civil War whichRead MoreDiscrimination And The War At Appomattox Court House1486 Words   |  6 Pagestensions between northern and southern states concerning states’ rights and slavery sent the country into turmoil. The bloodiest battle in American history soon began and the country would never be the same again. However, after the conclusion of the war at Appomattox Court House, the definition of American citizenship and personal liberties would be changed forever. Unfortunately, discrimination has continued to take place within the nation’s borders against other groups of people. Recently, discriminationRead MoreMovie Review : Cold Mountain Essay1149 Words   |  5 Pagesfirst assault scene at the beginning of the film, I thought that the north and the south both had strong motives and they were both willing to give it their all in order to preserve and defend their cause. This beginning scene if very heart broken because a lot of men died suddenly from one moment to the next. This makes me reflect on how hard and very divesting the civil war was not just for the women but also for the men who lost their families, wives, homes, and even their lives for the greaterRead MoreWomen During The Civil War1523 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Civil War, some of the more notable names were: Ulysses S. Grant, Thomas â€Å"Stonewall† Jackson, and George Custer. These names are synonymous with great generals who fought great battles during the war, but what about Sarah Emma Edmonds, Clara Burton, Dorthea Dix, Rose O’Neal Greenhow, and Loreta Janeta Velazquez? These names are not as known as their male counterparts, but these ladies of the Civil War Era did their part to aide their respective sides in the war. What these and other women didRead MoreAbraham Lincoln : Heroes Serve Powers Or Principles Larger Than Themselves952 Words   |  4 Pagesgets his or her strength from higher principles and he or she knows the value of sacrifice. Only brave and strong men and women could fight against something evil that has existed for a long time bec ause if they fight it, they might die or they might lose everything. Heroes are never afraid to fight for something that they believe in. Abraham Lincoln was one of heroes. He was an American president during 1861 to 1865, and he presents with all his power to his country. Abraham Lincoln was an outstandingRead MoreRecruitment Of A Female Nurse1500 Words   |  6 Pagesfirst in Washington and later other areas. Dix, like the rest of society, had some very strong ideas about what a nurse should and shouldn’t be and in a document dated July 14, 1862 she specified those ideas. No candidate for service in the Women’s Department for nursing in the military hospitals of the United States, will be received below the age of thirty-five years, (35) nor above fifty. Only women of strong health, not subjects of chronic disease, nor liable to sudden illnesses, need apply. TheRead Moreadvantages and disadvantages of the civil war1031 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ In 1861, when the Civil War broke out, the Confederacy and the Union both had numerous advantages and disadvantages and there were multiple women and slaves that contributed to the war. To begin with, the Confederacy had its significant advantages that helped it push through the war, one of which was its strong leaders. Many believed â€Å"Stonewall† Jackson and Robert E. Lee were some of the best officers even before the war. Also, they had the advantage of fighting on their own soil. They knewRead MoreThe Process of Becoming a Marine Corps Officer1506 Words   |  7 Pageswords liberty and justice, sworn to protect every American soul. Marines have battled on land, in air, and at sea for their country and many brave men and women have lost their lives in the line of fire. These brave soldiers are lead by intelligent officers who are strong leaders, quick decision makers, and possess great mental toughness. The young men and women blessed with the privilege of being officers in the Marine Corps face many hardships on their journey to greatness, yet many travel down thisRead MoreThe Battle Of The Civil War1073 Words   |  5 PagesThe Civil War was a war that was thought to would have lasted no longer than ninety days. After all was said and done, the war lasted more than four years and claimed tens of thousands of lives of both The Union and The Confederate States. There were several battles fought on Northern and Southern soil, battles that forced bloody mortal combat between brothers in the fight for equality amongst all men. It tested the strength of the foundation that the United States was built upon. The Civil War was

Messianic in Spectres of Marx by Jaques Derrida Essay

In Spectres of Marx, Jaques Derrida expounds upon a major theme of his argument, the messianic, and is interested in outlining the issues surrounding messianism. These issues which work along side the critical characteristics of Marxist theory. According to Derrida, the â€Å"messianic† adopts the basic configuration of religious messianic thought, but there is also â€Å"a messianism without religion† (74). Derrida shares his opinion that a messiah is a promise, a hope, and an aspiration of something to come, but not that the messiah actually comes. If the messiah does come, and there is an end, where is the mystery once he is revealed? There lacks a definite horizon or final expectation in Derrida’s messianism. Of the many views of messianism he†¦show more content†¦Deconstruction is more of a journey to be undertaken with the understanding that there is not going to be a definite end. There is a constant change in what is being understood and once th ere is an apparent conclusion, a new door opens leading to another. In religious context, the coming of the messiah is mostly concerned with time and not Jesus. As of page twenty-five in Specters of Marx, Derrida is hoping for a day in the future, not here yet, where we would finally be removed from the fatality of vengeance, such as in the story of Hamlet and his vengeance. Hamlet is waiting and wishing for another kind of justice to arrive. In this case, the messianic has a lot to do with justice. The issue with justice is that like deconstruction, it is undeconstructable. Justice takes place in a disjointure, such as the disjointure of the present time into many moments. The â€Å"presence of the present† (28) deals with what is to come. What the â€Å"present† represents is really a constant movement without much presence. To say something has singularity is an issue. Justice only takes place in a disjointure, and thus it is as if justice can only bee experienced during a moment of the present that is contemporaneous with it. The condition of justice is within the present. The lack of the possibility of justice would result in losing the chance of experiencing the future of a â€Å"Desert-like messianism (without content and without identifiable messiah)† (33). ItShow MoreRelatedOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagespostmodernism Three key thinkers of postmodernism Jacques Derrida: the linguistic turn and deconstruction J.F. Lyotard and the nature of knowledge Foucault: postmodernism, discourse, knowledge and power Organizational culture The challenges of postmodernism to organization theory Problematizing normal science Problematizing truth Problematizing representation Problematizing writing Problematizing generalizability Postmodernism and the spectre of relativism Conclusions 242 242 244 246 248 250 251

Financial Detective Free Essays

Company A is most likely Johnson Johnson, while company B is probably Pfizer. The reading mentions that they have a large over-the-counter section which would make sense considering Johnson Johnson are known for their over-the-counter pharmaceuticals. Company B is probably Pfizer because they are known for high research and development costs and offering various prescription drugs. We will write a custom essay sample on Financial Detective or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Beta for Pfizer is .85, and as a measure of volatile risk this makes sense because of high research and development costs for new pharmaceutical drugs. I believe that Company C is Paragraph 1, which is  Anheuser-Busch. This would fit the description that the firm owns â€Å"a number of beer related businesses, such as snack and aluminum container manufacturing and several major theme parks.† Company D is paragraph 2 and it is uncertain which firm this it. It is definitely most likely a smaller IPO style type of Brewery which can be reflected in 16 on net fixed assets. Paragraph 2 is most likely Company E. This company is most likely Apple because they mention a compelling founder which might very well be Steve Jobs. Also, the net profit margin and turn over ratio are very high which would accurately reflect Apple’s recent success. Company F is most likely the first paragraph and probably Dell Corporation. This is because of â€Å"built-to-order† PCs, which sounds like Dells business strategy. This strategy also allows Dell to have a high inventory turnover and keep smaller amount of inventories on hand. Paragraph two is most likely Company G which is probably Amazon.com. Amazon.com became profitable in 2004 and because this assignment was created in 2005 it makes sense when it says â€Å"The firm has only recently become profitable.† Company H is most likely paragraph 1 and probably Barnes and noble. This is because Barnes and Noble would need more inventories on hand which would go hand-in-hand with the large inventory percentage. Company I is most likely paragraph 2 which may refer to Wausau Paper. Wausau paper seems to be describes when they say â€Å"The other firm is a small producer of printing, writing, and technical specialty papers, as well as towel and tissue products.† Company J is Paragraph 1, which I believe is Weyerhaeuser Company Limited, because Weyerhaeuser fits the description of â€Å"One company is the world’s largest maker of paper, paperboard, and packaging.† They are also one of the largest private owners of timberland in the world which could be the reason why they have large current asset and net fixed asset ratio. Company K is most likely paragraph 1. Because it is less specialized, it would have a smaller Gross profit margin that paragraph 2. Also, it would have higher liabilities at 71.8 compared to 51.5 for paragraph 2. Company L is most likely paragraph 2 because the lower liabilities and higher gross profit margin are indicative of a company that is more specialized. I believe that company M is paragraph 1, which is Costco. Costco fits the description of â€Å"The company is known for its low prices, breadth of merchandise, and volume-oriented strategy.† Net fixed assets would be substantial, as indicated by the data at 57% because  of its large and expanding network of distribution centers and stores. I believe company N is the second paragraph and is the company Target. Target fits the description of an upscale discount chain. Target issues credit to qualified customers, which could explain the 17% of total assets. I believe Company O is the second Paragraph, which is Lee Enterprises. Intangibles make up a large percentage of total assets, which would explain the significant amount of goodwill. The company also has low SGA expenses which is probably because of its decentralization policy. I believe paragraph one is Company P, which is the New York Times. The companies’ high SGA expenses are indicative of how it’s a diversified media company and does business around the world. Analysis Health Products Company A is most likely Johnson Johnson, while company B is probably Pfizer. The reading mentions that they have a large over-the-counter section which would make sense considering Johnson Johnson are known for their over-the-counter pharmaceuticals. They are shipped around the world to many distributors in massive quantities. The cost of goods for Johnson and Johnson 23.9 which is significantly larger than Pfizers. This could be because Johnson and Johnson makes many different products and they are made of numerous constituents. Johnson Johnson manufactures large amounts of goods that they know they’re going to turnover because people are going to purchase them quicker and there is a steady and consistent demand for them. This would make the turnover ratio for Johnson and Johnson 3.08 make sense compared to the lesser turnover ratio of .93 for Pfizer. Johnson and Johnson would also more likely have more manufacturing facilities because of their diverse array of goods. Also unlike Pfizer, Johnson Johnson did not get rid of a large part of their non-pharmaceutical goods, so it would make sense that the net fixed assets are larger with Johnson and Johnson Company B Company B is probably Pfizer because they are known for high research and  development costs and offering various prescription drugs. The Beta for Pfizer is .85, and as a measure of volatile risk this makes sense because of high research and development costs for new pharmaceutical drugs. Also Pfizer would have high intangibles at 46% of assets due to the aforementioned large research and development budget. Pfizer is not very liquid which would give it a low current assets ratio. It does not have much cash because the budget is put into RD. Because high research and development is spent on research and development, the price of pharmaceuticals are high. However, Pfizer’s actual production isn’t very expensive which would make Pfizer’s cost of goods sold low relative to the Johnson Johnson. High Research and development would also cause high amounts of debt incurred and the total debt to total assets ratio would also be higher. Beer Company C I believe that Company C is Paragraph 1, which is Anheuser-Busch. This would fit the description that the firm owns â€Å"a number of beer related businesses, such as snack and aluminum container manufacturing and several major theme parks.† This would also account for the large percentage of fixed assets which is nearly 54.7 percent. Also their cost of goods sold would be higher at 53.9, than the other company because of the expensive marketing implementation strategies Anheuser-Busch has. Company D Company D is paragraph 2 and it is uncertain which firm this it. It is definitely most likely a smaller IPO style type of Brewery which can be reflected in 16 on net fixed assets. Also they have much fewer liabilities at .7 (compared to 9.5 for Anheuser) because they are smaller and have less things to pay out. Computers Company E Paragraph 2 is most likely Company E. This company is most likely Apple because they mention a compelling founder which might very well be Steve Jobs. Also, the net profit margin and turn over ratio are very high which would accurately reflect Apple’s recent success. Also, the retail strategy described as â€Å"aggressive† and â€Å"meant to drive traffic through its stores and to expand its installed base of customers by showcasing its products in a user-friendly retail atmosphere† seems like it is very Apple-esque. Company F is most likely the first paragraph and probably Dell Corporation. This is because of â€Å"built-to-order† PCs, which sounds like Dells business strategy. This strategy also allows Dell to have a high inventory turnover and keep smaller amount of inventories on hand. In turn, this style of business should technically speaking allow for more liquid. Dell would also possess high liquidity which would reflect the current and quick ratios to be high as seen on the Common-Sized Financial Data and Ratios chart. Books and Music Company G Paragraph two is most likely Company G which is probably Amazon.com. Amazon.com became profitable in 2004 and because this assignment was created in 2005 it makes sense when it says â€Å"The firm has only recently become profitable.† Usually online manufacturers have high-turnover ratios to compensate for enhanced competition in the marketplace, which would make sense as to why Company G’s asset turnover is low. Also inventory should be relatively low because they are an online company and everything is ordered and shipped in a relatively quick fashion. Because they don’t actually manufacture anything (except the kindle) and they’re competitive edge is extremely low pricing, they probably have low profit margins, as the data indicates. The high debt to asset ratio of 59.94 is also indicative of a company that is highly leveraged. As aforementioned, Amazon just recently became profitable, and they borrowed a lot to repay for facilities and other expenses. Do to limited income they did incur a lot of debt so this would make sense. Company H Company H is most likely paragraph 1 and probably Barnes and noble. This is because Barnes and Noble would need more inventories on hand which would go  hand-in-hand with the large inventory percentage. They need a lot of books in stock and more on hand in the stores and warehouses than an online retailer would need. Also the low profit margin is indicative of a company like Barnes and Noble because they pay full price on shipping and storage costs since they are a standard retailer, thus minimizing profits. Paper Products Company I Company I is most likely paragraph 2 which may refer to Wausau Paper. Wausau paper seems to be describes when they say â€Å"The other firm is a small producer of printing, writing, and technical specialty papers, as well as towel and tissue products.† Wausau being a smaller company would have much lower inventories percentage than company J, which is indicated by the data. Also Wausau owns very little timberland which causes them to purchase their wood fiber on the open market. This could explain why they have a lower fixed asset percentage. Because their wood is purchased on the open market, they would have higher long-term debt and liabilities. Company J Company J is Paragraph 1, which I believe is Weyerhaeuser Company Limited, because Weyerhaeuser fits the description of â€Å"One company is the world’s largest maker of paper, paperboard, and packaging.† They are also one of the largest private owners of timberland in the world which could be the reason why they have large current asset and net fixed asset ratio. Also, a company like Weyerhaeuser would have a large amount of fixed assets indicated by the large fixed asset ratio, because of substantial timberland ownership. Also, because they are a huge firm, and have a lot of paper products on hand, it makes sense that they have a large amount of current assets. Tools Company K is most likely paragraph 1. Because it is less specialized, it would have a smaller Gross profit margin that paragraph 2. Also, it would have higher liabilities at 71.8 compared to 51.5 for paragraph 2. Company L is most likely paragraph 2 because the lower liabilities and higher gross profit margin are indicative of a company that is more specialized. Retailers Company M I believe that company M is paragraph 1, which is Costco. Costco fits the description of â€Å"The company is known for its low prices, breadth of merchandise, and volume-oriented strategy.† Net fixed assets would be substantial, as indicated by the data at 57% because of its large and expanding network of distribution centers and stores. Because the company has a volume oriented strategy, with large quantities of stock and customers, it would have a larger turnover of 7.69 comparative to the company in paragraph 2, which has a turnover ratio of 5.86. Many customers pay with credit at Costco, with members paying with their Costco card, which would explain the very high Receivables turnover at 192.73. Because Costco is focused on Mass selling they also have a low quick ratio of .17. Company N I believe company N is the second paragraph and is the company Target. Target fits the description of an upscale discount chain. Target issues credit to qualified customers, which could explain the 17% of total assets. Target comparative to Costco has a higher current assets ratio, which is 1.69. This is because Target has many current assets to cover its current liabilities. Newspapers Company O I believe Company O is the second Paragraph, which is Lee Enterprises. Intangibles make up a large percentage of total assets, which would explain the significant amount of goodwill. The company also has low SGA expenses which is probably because of its decentralization policy. Local branches also allow for personal connections with their customers, which would give it a higher turnover rate. Small town newspapers don’t have much competition, and therefore don’t have to lower their prices or spend a lot on marketing. Therefore, the company’s net profit margin would be relatively high. Company P I believe paragraph one is Company P, which is the New York Times. The companies’ high SGA expenses are indicative of how it’s a diversified media company and does business around the world. The New York Times has a lot of competition and therefore has to keep prices low. This is shown in the relatively lower net profit margin. Also, The New York Times constructed new headquarters in 2005 which is shown on the financials through the high percentage of net fixed assets on the common-sized balance sheet. How to cite Financial Detective, Papers Financial Detective Free Essays professional users and sells them through its own technical representatives and mobile franchise dealers. The global manufacturer would be company L because they would have higher selling, general and administrative costs, in this case 38. 9 compared to 24. We will write a custom essay sample on Financial Detective or any similar topic only for you Order Now 8. The company with the specialized tools from mobile franchise would have higher cost of goods sold, in this case 61. 0 compared to 51. 6. Retail Both companies are large discount retailers. One company carries a wide variety of nationally advertised general merchandise. The other company is a rapidly growing chain of upscale discount stores and has partnerships with several leading designers. The company with partnerships with the designers is company M because it has intangibles of 9. 0 compared to the general merchandise discount company which has intangibles of 0. 6 making it company N. Newspapers One company is a diversified media company that generates most of its revenues through newspaper sales around the country and around the world. The other company owns a number of newspapers in small communities and this company has significant goodwill on its balance sheet. Company O is the company that owns a number of newspapers as they have intangibles of 76,8 compared to company P, which is the world newspaper company and has intangibles of 37. 1. Health ProductsBeer ABCD Accounts Payable9. 82. 2Stockholders’ Equity16. 572. 9 Inventory turnover3. 080. 93Current Assets11. 281. 7 Intangibles22. 246. 1Cost of Good Sold53. 938. 5 SG expense44. 546. 7Cash ST investments1. 455. 6 SG expense17. 350. ComputersBooks Music EFGH SG expense9. 723. 1SG expense16. 921. 8 Intangible Assets01. 2Depreciation1. 13. 7 Inventory21. 3Inventory14. 838. 6 Accounts Payable38. 318Cash ST Investments54. 816. 2 Current Liabilities60. 933. 3Quick Ratio00. 46 Inventory Turnover13. 562. 42 PaperTools IJKL Intangibles14. 61. 9SG Expense3948. 4 Cost of Goods Sold6151. 6 Receivables Turnover18. 923. 7 RetailNewspaper MNOP Intangibles90. 6Intan gibles76. 837. 1 Receivables Turnover24. 516. 7SG Expense2339. 7 Net Fixed Assets14. 134. 6 Stockholders’ Equity62. 535. 5 How to cite Financial Detective, Essay examples

Legal Aspects of International Trade and Enterprises samples for Stud

Question: Discuss About Legal Aspects Of International Trade And Enterprises? Answer: Introducation: A major Australian company in its retailing industry is Woolworths Limited and the company has extensive retail interests across New Zealand, as well as, Australia (Reuters, 2017). In terms of its revenue, the company is the second largest one in the nation, and is just behind the conglomerate based in Perth, Wesfarmers Limited. Moreover, Woolworths is the second largest company in New Zeeland also. The company is also the largest hotel and gaming poker machine operator, the largest takeaway liquor retailer in the nation, and globally, the company stood at 19th position across the world for the year of 2008. The global headquarters of the company is located in Bella Vista, New South Wales, Australia (Woolworths Group, 2017a). The company has been listed for over twenty years in the Australian Securities Exchange, which is ASX in short (ASX, 2017). It is a public company and has been ranked as 2nd out of two thousand companies in the nation. The majority of the income of the company is generated from the grocery stores and the supermarkets which Woolworths has in Australia. Including its sales and the other revenue, the company generated total revenue, for the year of 2016, of $58,563,300,000 (IBIS, 2016). For the year of 2016, the company had 205000 employees in Australia and New Zealand, and this figure was inclusive of the employees from all of the subsidiaries which are under the control of Woolworths Limited. The company employs over 2,200 indigenous people in Australia. There are over 79,000 young employees in the company (Woolworths Group, 2016a). Woolworths Supermarkets employs on a team of 111,000 Australians (Woolworths Group, 2017b). The Chief Executive of the company has been given the official title of Chief Executive Office and the Managing Director and the position is held by Mr. Brad Banducci. The Chairman of the company has been given the official title of Non-Executive Chairman and this position is held by Mr. Gordon Cairns. The company operates as the retailer of home improvement, food, general merchandise, petrol and liquor, along with having its operations in the sector of gaming and hospitality (IBIS, 2016). The main business operations of the group have been categorized in different divisions. Supermarkets and Petrol is one of such divisions. The company has 530 petrol station through its co-brands Caltex Safeway outlets and Caltex Woolworths; 184 Countdown grocery stores which are located in New Zealand; 992 Woolworths Supermarkets; and 5 Thomas Dux grocery stores. Big W is another division of Woolworths, and the company operates 186 Big W different discount departmental stores in the nation, and is a retailer of health beauty products, pet food, automotive goods,software, sporting goods, toys, clothing, homewares, books,stationery, andhardware. In its Hotels division, through Australian Leisure Hospitality Group, which is majorly held as the companys subsidiary, Woolworths operates 331 licensed venues, along with the gaming operations throughout the nation. The company also operates in the homeware and apparel catalogue market by the name of Ezibuy, which is an omnichannel retailer and is the supplier of different products (IBIS, 2016). Regulatory Framework of Australia All the companies which are incorporated in Australia or which have their operations in the nation are required to abide by a number of regulatory framework, in form of legislations, their associated regulations, and the codes. The applicability of these is governed by the regulatory bodies, having the responsibility for same. As Woolworths is a major company in Australia, it has to follow a range of different regulatory frameworks, some of which have been stated below. Woolworths is registered as a company in Australia, which makes the Corporations Act, 2001 (Cth), applicable on the company. Due to the applicability of this act, Woolworths is required to follow the provisions regarding the appointment of the directors, their duties, and the name of the company, the memorandum of the company, the requisite disclosures and the various meetings (Federal Register of Legislation, 2017). The evidence of this act can be seen through the 2016 Annual Report of Woolworths, where the company made the disclosure pursuant to section 299A(1) of this act. This particular disclosure was made in accordance to the ASIC Regulatory Guide 247 Effective Disclosure in an Operating and Financial Review (RG 247), which was issued in March 2013 (Woolworths Group, 2016a). The requirements of the independence of the auditors were not breached and the provisions of this act were properly followed, in addition to the ones set out in the Code of Conduct APES 110 Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants issued by the Accounting Professional Ethical Standards Board. Even the consolidated financial statement of the Woolworths Group had been prepared as per this act, in addition to the IFRS, which stands for International Financial Reporting Standards, and the Australian Accounting Standards and Interpretations. Pursuant to the section 295A of the Corporations Act 2001, the directors made the declarations in the companys annual report. The company was also in compliance with the section 300A of this act (Woolworths Group, 2016a). The company had to face significant costs due to the changes in the Workplace health and safety regulations which are applicable on the company. As Woolworths has its operations in NSW, it has to adhere to the legislation in form of Work Health and Safety Act 2011 (NSW), the regulation in form of Work Health and Safety Regulation 2011 (NSW), the codes in form of NSW Codes of Practice, and the regulator for these is SafeWork NSW (Business, 2017a). Under the law of Commonwealth of Australia, along with its states and territories, the companys operations are subjected to a range of environmental regulations. Hence, Woolworths is required to fulfill the requirements set out under the Environment Protection Act 1970 and Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Business, 2017b). Though, no liabilities were incurred by the group under any of the applicable environmental legislations. The companys financial report, for the year of 2016, was prepared as per the Corporations Regulations 2001, along with the Australian Accounting Standards (Woolworths Group, 2016a). International Treaties, Covenants and Agreements When any organization works in a global environment, a plethora of legislations, treaties, covenants and international agreements become applicable on it. As Woolworths has it operations in both Australia and New Zealand, a number of international laws become applicable on it. Some of such international frameworks applicable on Woolworths have been summarized below. An international treaty, which is applicable on the multinational companies, is the general treaty of the UN, also known as United Nations, by the name of the United Nations Charter. The duties and rights of all of the nations are covered under the UN Charter. It sets out various activities as the domestic responsibility of the nations. However, at times, these are coupled with some limitations, based on international declarations, legislations, treaties and conventions. The bases of these are the peripheral development of the natural resources, which has the impact on various environment related activities (Garner, 2017). The company has a huge base of human resource. And as a result of this, the company adheres to the Stockholm Declaration. The full name for Stockholm the Declaration is United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, Stockholm 1972. And it works towards the interactions which the individuals have with the environment. The Stockholm Declaration consists of twenty seven principles, which include human rights to be properly asserted, adhering to the environmental policies, safeguarding of natural resources and wildlife, keeping the pollution under check, assisting the developing nations, improving the environment through development, and various other provisions (Dodds, Strauss and Strong, 2012). A growing need of the present day is the adherence to the principles of corporate governance. Good corporate governance held in maintaining the confidence of the market, along with the integrity of the business. The OECD, i.e., Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development sets out certain principles in this regard, which are known as the G20/OECD Principles of Corporate Governance. These principles act as a strong towards investment being a powerful driver of growth (OECD, 2015). Even though the principles given by the OECD are not directly applicable over Woolworths, the company voluntarily adopts some of its principles, in form of its own Corporate Governance Framework. Further, the company takes the drawn policies and documents in this regard, very seriously and practices the same. The company releases a Corporate Governance Statement each year, which sets out the governance framework which is adopted by the Groups Board. This Statement also includes details of the work done in this regard over the previous years (Woolworths Group, 2017c). The company adopts a Securities Trading Policy which helps in both promoting and maintaining the reputation of the company. This is the result why the company has the reputation for excellent corporate governance, fair dealing and compliance in the securities, which include the performance rights, options and shares. Being committed towards the health, safety, as well as, wellbeing of its stakeholders, which include team members, visitors, customers, business partners and contractors, the company had drawn a Safety and Health Policy. In line with these, the company has drawn a Code of Conduct and the Board Charter (Woolworths Group, 2017c). The company has also taken steps towards the maintenance of environment to attain sustainability. The company realizes that it has to power to influence the retail supply chain in Australia, for becoming sustainable, along with reducing the carbon footprint. The company had set a target, which it wanted to attain by the year of 2015 in this regard. And presently, the company is on its way of attaining these objectives. The company works in the major areas of climate change and carbon emissions, waste and recycling, packaging, sourcing and water (Woolworths Group, 2017d). The company aims to attain 40% reduction in the carbon emissions as per the projected growth levels by the year of 2015 and this would bring down the emission to the levels of 2006. The company is also aimed at attaining a 25% reduction in the carbon emissions per carton by the year of 2012, which is delivered by the Woolworths-owned trucks. The company also has the objective of reducing the carbon emission by up to 30% in comparison to the company fleet by the year of 2010. The company is also working towards reducing its water usage each year by the amount of 200 million liters by the end of 2010. The company has realized that just being energy efficient is not enough for the planet. And so, it sets out as the market leader in making the stores, facilities and trucks of the company less energy intensive and greener (Woolworths Group, 2017d). The reasons for working towards these environment related objectives stem from the international treaties. One of such treaty is the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, which is in short UNCCC, as well as, the Kyoto Protocol. Both of these are aimed at reducing the greenhouse gas emissions so as to curb the effect of these over the climate. UNFFF was initially found in 1992 and it is aimed towards the stabilization of the greenhouse gases, so that the negative impact of these gases on the climate can be decreased (Leal-Arcas, 2013). Through this particular treaty, the greenhouse gases limit for each of the nation is specified (Harrison, 2013). In line with the UNFCCC, another treaty was formed by the name of Kyoto Protocol. This treaty works towards reducing the emissions from the greenhouse gases. The raison d'tre for the particular focus on these gases stem from the presence of signs of global warming, which are born out of the carbon dioxide emissions, resulting from the actions of man (Krber, Schwirzenbeck and Barth, 2008). The objectives of UNFCCC are implemented through the Kyoto Protocol. So, both of these, work towards reducing the global warming as a menace. For this, the concentration is upon the removal of the greenhouse gasses from the atmosphere, by bringing these at a certain level. This particular level helps in prevention of the anthropogenic interferences, which are dangerous for the climate system (Massai, 2011). References ASX. (2017) WOW. [Online] ASX. Available from: https://m.asx.com.au/m/company-info.xhtml?issuerCode=WOW [Accessed on: 26/04/17] Business. (2017a) WHS/OHS acts, regulations and codes of practice. [Online] Australian Government. Available from: https://www.business.gov.au/info/run/workplace-health-and-safety/whs-oh-and-s-acts-regulations-and-codes-of-practice [Accessed on: 26/04/17] Business. (2017b) Environmental legislation. [Online] Australian Government. Available from: https://www.business.gov.au/info/run/environmental-management/environmental-legislation [Accessed on: 26/04/17] Dodds, F., Strauss, M., and Strong, M.F. (2012) Only One Earth: The Long Road via Rio to Sustainable Development. Oxon: Routledge, p. 11. Federal Register of Legislation. (2017) Corporations Act 2001. [Online] Federal Register of Legislation. Available from: https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2013C00605 [Accessed on: 26/04/17] Garner, E.L. (2017) International Treaties Governing Mineral Exploration. [Online] UNESCO-EOLSS. Available from: https://www.eolss.net/Sample-Chapters/C09/E6-65-05-04.pdf [Accessed on: 26/04/17] Harrison, J. (2013) The European Union and South Korea: The Legal Framework for Strengthening Trade, Economic and Political Relations. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. IBIS. (2016) Woolworths Ltd - Premium Company Report Australia. [Online] IBIS. Available from: https://www.ibisworld.com.au/australian-company-research-reports/retail-trade/woolworths-ltd-company.html [Accessed on: 26/04/17] Krber, C., Schwirzenbeck, M. and Barth, K. (2008) The Kyoto Protocol. Norderstedt: GRIN Verlag. Leal-Arcas, R. (2013) Climate Change and International Trade. Massachusetts: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, pp, 241-245. Massai, L. (2011) The Kyoto Protocol in the EU: European Community and Member States under International and European Law. Prato, Italy: Springer Science Business Media. OECD. (2015) G20/OECD Principles of Corporate Governance. [Online] OECD. Available from: https://www.oecd.org/daf/ca/Corporate-Governance-Principles-ENG.pdf [Accessed on: 26/04/17] Reuters. (2017) Woolworths Ltd (WOW.AX). [Online] Reuters. Available from: https://in.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyProfile?symbol=WOW.AX [Accessed on: 26/04/17] Woolworths Group. (2016a) 2016 Annual Report. [Online] Woolworths Group. Available from: https://www.woolworthsgroup.com.au/icms_docs/185865_annual-report-2016.pdf [Accessed on: 26/04/17] Woolworths Group. (2017a) Contact Information. [Online] Woolworths Group. Available from: https://www.woolworthsgroup.com.au/page/contact-us/contact-information [Accessed on: 26/04/17] Woolworths Group. (2017b) Woolworths Supermarkets. [Online] Woolworths Group. Available from: https://www.woolworthsgroup.com.au/page/about-us/our-brands/supermarkets/Woolworths [Accessed on: 26/04/17] Woolworths Group. (2017c) Corporate governance. [Online] Woolworths Group. Available from: https://www.woolworthsgroup.com.au/page/about-us/our-approach/corporate-governance [Accessed on: 26/04/17] Woolworths Group. (2017d) Environment and sustainability. [Online] Woolworths Group. Available from: https://www.woolworthsgroup.com.au/page/community-and-responsibility/group-responsibility/environment/ [Accessed on: 26/04/17]

Delta Corp Ergonomic Factors

Introduction Ergonomic factors are human factors that affect the psychological and physical wellbeing of workers within an organization. Integrating these human factors together with the philosophies of human resources management into the organizational processes is the best course of action to increase the health conditions of their workers (Nelson et al., 1995).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Delta Corp Ergonomic Factors specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The organization human resources management normally aims at increasing the workers output by ensuring that the workers are satisfied and competent in their work. Therefore, it is essential for the organizations to provide an enabling environment that ensures job satisfaction to the employees. Ergonomic factors are those factors that cause constraints to the workers satisfaction with their jobs. In fact, human factors encompass all environmental and in ternal organizational factors that affect physical and psychological wellbeing of the workers. However, ergonomic factors generally arise from sources that are beyond human control, most of which are caused by human errors or assumptions driven by the emphasis of the output with less consideration of the inputs (Nelson, 1995). Within the academic circles, ergonomic factors are grouped into various categories. The categories generalize conditions found in almost all industries and organizations. The categories includes factors intrinsic to the job, task factors, the roles of the individuals within the organization, personal interrelationship, career related factors and the organizational structure (Sutherland Cooper, 2008). These ergonomic factors are general and affect all organizations and industries. Within the airline industry where the focus will be, ergonomic factors are caused by human errors and less strict adherence to the set regulations. Many airline managers agree that h uman factors are a consequence of improper human operated systems, which can be managed. In the case of Delta airlines, the company is using human factors professionals to help in the identification and management of the conditions that may affect the workers physical and psychological stress. Increased interest in the ergonomic factors within the organization is caused by the operational success of the organization when few of the set regulations and conditions to reduce ergonomic factors and errors were implemented. For the organization in the case, how to integrate the ergonomic factors and human resources management is the major concern. This paper will be examining the ergonomic factors focusing on Delta as a specific organization. Finally, the paper offers a proposal for the organization showing on how Delta Corp can make workplace safer, as well as the manner in which the physical and psychological stress can be reduced.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More First, the paper looks into the literature on ergonomic factors and how those factors affects the physical and psychological wellbeing of the workers, the work environment and the satisfaction of employees with the work environment. The paper then proceeds to look at how Delta is applying and implementing measures that are supposed to reduce the ergonomic factors within the organization. Ergonomic factors within the workplace According to the common definitions, industrial ergonomics is the discipline that put together all aspects of the work environment as well as the activities to the organization competencies, magnitude, and the necessities of the stakeholders (Sutherland Cooper, 2008). As described, ergonomics are human factors that centers on the importance of better work conditions, apparatus and the gears that are being applied in this work environment, technological levels of the organization as well as the way the organization arranges its operations. The main goal of ergonomics is to enhance the wellbeing amongst organization workers, their work settings, the tools and equipment they use and their occupational stresses (Sutherland Cooper, 2008). In situations that the ergonomic conditions are not met, job stresses and health hazards occur. Nelson, Cooper, and Jackson (1995) have discussed the relationships between job demands and workplace stresses. Indeed the above scholars argue that there must be a balance between job stressors and the diverse features of the occupational blueprints. The balance created is that specific job stressors must counter different blueprints of occupations. The balancing theoretical framework is essential in the assessment and considerations of human factors and health at work environment. Nelson et al (1995) pointed out that the deprived human factors in workplace could create distress and disarray that can result in an indi vidual becoming susceptible to stresses related to their occupations as well as disorders in their psychology. In effect, somatic problems may probably intensify. Many studies have been conducted around job stresses and the relationships that exist between ergonomic factors and the job stresses have been found to be positive. However, it is not only the ergonomic factors that cause job stresses, but also a number of individual factors tend to cause work related stresses. Therefore, occupational stresses encompass all factors both work and non-work experienced during work that causes physiological and emotional homeostasis to the employees (Sutherland Cooper, 2008). From the argued context, the stressor relate to the individual factors while the reactions to the individual factors are the stress.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Delta Corp Ergonomic Factors specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As such, occup ational stress is multivariate observable facts resulting from various factors. Therefore, stress is any strain or forces that destabilize the individual psychological and physical normalcy. Anything that constitutes a threat to individual psychological and physical well-being is stress to that individual. When such threats emanates from the job environment, the stresses caused are occupational or job stresses. Occupational stresses are caused by many contributory factors. Majority of these factors have been identified as coming from the work environment (Spector, 2006). The important elements in the occupational environment are the degree at which workers attitudes and capabilities meet the job requirements and the degree at which the work environment meet the needs of the worker particularly the workers motivation and the use of the acquired skills. In circumstances, where the worker feels that there is a mismatch between the expectations and the job demand stress occurs. In one w ay or the other, these tend to affect the employee physical and psychological well-being. Sutherland and Cooper (2008) argue that work environment constitute various factors both physical and psychological interacting together to cause occupational stresses. The way these factors react is dissimilar in diverse environments, situations, and people. Moreover, the interactions between these factors cannot be explained through epidemiological means alone. Different circumstances including emotional arousal, exhaustion, work endeavor, pain, apprehension, application, embarrassment, hemorrhage, increased expectations of success are all capable of resulting into occupational stress (Spector, 2006). Thus, a single factor cannot be claimed to be the cause of job stress. Since there are many factors interacting to cause job stress, Sutherland and Cooper (2008) grouped them into various categories. Though there are overlaps in the categories, they can be used to analyze the way they affect wor ker or the way they cause work stresses. According to Sutherland and Cooper (2008), there are factors intrinsic to the job. These include the physical demands such as the noise, machine sensations, and variations in temperature, humidity, hygiene and lighting. Task factors that comprises of shift work, workload, overtime, and work repetitions, applications of new technology, melancholy and exposure to the risk hazards.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The other categories according to Sutherland and Cooper argue (2008) is the role of the individual workers within the organization, which includes role ambiguity, conflicts in responsibilities as well as being responsible for other employees or the company operations. Interrelationship particularly with the seniors and fellow employees is also categorized as own factor. Career related factors such as the job protection and position inaptness or demotions and promotions. The final category according to Sutherland and Cooper (2008) is the way the organization is arranged as well as the work atmosphere. For instance the way organization structure allows the workers to be part of the decision making process According to Nelson, Cooper and Jackson (1995), job stresses may result from various sources including increased workload and the frequency emanating from job demands, factors relating to poor job content that in most cases result in world-weariness and lack of significance. In addit ion, having no control of any decision in the job, poor organizational guiding principles and measures that make unfriendly workforce may also cause stress. Moreover, the way supervision is carried out that does not affect the general performance of workers, technological factors, individual factors and the environmental conditions (Spector, 2006). In another study, Nelson, Cooper, and Jackson (1995) discuss the job characteristics that are likely to result in the psychological stress. In that study, they identified attributes such as serious work anxiety, heavy workload, an antagonistic work atmosphere, confusing roles, deficiency of duties that are challenging, emotional overwork, pitiable decision-making relations, not being involved in decision making or not being in control of job responsibilities, poor interpersonal relationship including disconnect with other employees, managers or supervisors. Further, psychological stress may emanate from the circumstances that employees la ck social support that may come from any person being considered important including supervisors, family members and fellow employees (Spector, 2006). The adverse human factors at the work place in most cases result in physical and health constraints that encompass physical and psychological stresses. The physical stresses are such things like visual fatigue, headache, and muscle discomfort. Others include disorders such as growing strain, back, visual, and hearing. In addition, the worker may suffer from, emotional nervousness, apprehension and dejection (Spector, 2006). Often, these psychological and physical stresses temporarily disappear when workers are rested or when there is perfection in the work design. The physical and emotional stresses may also disappear when the work surrounding and the tools and equipments are improved. In general, enhancement of the work conditions decreases the effects of ergonomic factors that results in physical and emotional constraints in workers within an organization (Nelson et al., 1995). In the circumstances that employees are open to the elements of human factors, the result is unending consequence. In fact, permanent impairments whether visual, hearing or any other physical bring on anxiety in employees. Such anxieties result in emotional stress, which in effect cause undesirable working state of affairs. The adverse work conditions again result in stress. Moreover, the physical dysfunctions such as the musculoskeletal disorders resulting into the permanent malfunctions and disability always bring about workers hopelessness, nervousness and downheartedness (Sutherland Cooper, 2008). The psychological stress will further result in the increased sensitivity on the receptors of pain within the eyes and other related muscles that will additionally result into more stress (Nelson et al., 1995). According to Sutherland and Cooper (2008), five important elements are significant in the control of the causes of stress in the work place. The scholars argue that when properly implemented within the work design, then the likelihood of the stresses caused by ergonomic misfits is drastically reduced. Nelson, Cooper, and Jackson (1995) argue that the person, the work surrounding, the workers responsibilities, the workers technological knowhow, as well as the general organization of the work are important in the reduction of both physical and psychological stress caused by human factors. The physical work environment The physical environment within the workplace includes all the natural features including the air quality, temperatures, humidity, lighting, and sounds that are critical for the survivability of the workers within the work environment (Spector, 2006). Physical features are elements within the work surrounding without which workers cannot survive. The physical features are capable of inducing sensory demands that have a direct effect on the capability of the worker to have the sense of hearing, obs erve and feel. The sense of hearing is affected by sound. The effects of extreme sound (noise) in the workplace causes stress. According to Sutherland and Cooper (2008), noise is the most outstanding ergonomic idiosyncrasy that results in stress. The workers may be frustrated in the situations where the conditions within the work surroundings are poor. The physical work environment must be conducive in order for the workers to be motivated (Nelson et al., 1995). The circumstances that the physical work environment results in the misgivings of the necessities of the workers and their abilities, the consequences are generalized fatigue and poor performance. The fatigue may be physical or sensory which causes psychological stress. The technological factors Technological aspects including, poor displays, incompatible controls, reduced response attributes of machines, putting up machines without being sensitive to physical conditions, operating difficulties of the technology, machines br eakdown, tools and equipments that reduces the workers performance are some of the technological factors that affect workers in the work place (Sutherland Cooper, 2008). With such technological problems, the likelihood of workers having more physical and psychological stress is high. The responsibilities The heavy workloads and pressure are the two most critical human factors that are aligned to the causes of the job stress (Sutherland Cooper, 2008). In both ways, too much work or little of it will cause stress. In the circumstances that the workers work under time pressure, may be needed to meet deadlines or in the situations where there are too much tasks to be accomplished, then the stress increases. In addition, the circumstances that the machines pacing the tasks are too quick or slow then the job stree increase. The workers have no cognitive satisfaction of the occupation responsibilities due to low task control (Nelson et al., 1995). From the human factors perspective, job responsibilities should be set using the scientific methods where time and output are evaluated according to the workers capabilities. The criteria such as the economic factors including the necessity to get better of the capital investments and the technological capacity should not be used to measure the workload (Spector, 2006). The organizational factors The human resources difficulties because of work environment normally originate from three categories of managerial characteristic of the occupation procedures. The ergonomic management aspects include work in shifts, uncalled-for work after the fullness of time, work paced by machines, as well as the assembly-line work (Spector, 2006). The shift work cause disturbances in the normal biological functioning of the body and in effect affects the psychological well being of the workers. The assembly line and the machine-paced work normally generate diminutive responsive everyday jobs disregarding the cognitive contents resulting int o low employees control over the work processes. The result is unwarranted physical and psychological stress. Unwarranted work after the full daytime can also result in the workers fatigue. In some instances, the overtime work may lead to undesirable psychosomatic effects including resentment and dispositional instability (Nelson et al., 1995). All these ergonomic managerial aspects may lead to psychogenic body malfunctions, which affects the general workers performance. Personal factors Personal factors are the factors that affect the individual behavior such as the anxiety and self-esteem. Behavioral factors interact with each other to cause work stresses to an individual especially in the circumstances that they are found to be the major cause of poor performance (Sutherland Cooper, 2008). The individual values and needs, the capabilities and the job experiences, age, ethnicity and well as the expected physical conditions interact to affect the individual performance, which in e ffect cause the job stress in case of deficiency. Moreover, genetic characteristics such as the physical composition, sex, reactivity, intelligence, introversion may also cause job stress in case they are found wanting (Sutherland Cooper, 2008). Other individual characteristics that are acquired such as the educational attainments and social class also affect the individual performance in the work place, which by extension may cause job stress. However, an organization can enhance some individual characteristics through the provision of an environment that encourage their growth. Competitive and challenging environment promotes these individual characteristics. The workers must always be encouraged towards the attainment of the set goals (Sutherland Cooper, 2008). The encouragement should not be based on the measured output in terms of returns on the investments rather on the individual input and capabilities. Motivation of workers forms the integral part of reducing work related stresses resulting from the personal factors. However, motivations are derived from an environment that is conducive and encouraging (Nelson et al., 1995). The motivating environment according to the context is that meet the expectations of the workers and the organization. Delta airlines case Definition of the functionality of human factors department In defining the functionality of human factor, an organization pursues its endeavors towards creating the place of work safer and less physically and psychologically stressful. By implementing the requirements of safety measures, the occupations and responsibilities of the human factor department should fully hold on the organization core strategies. While coming up with the strategies and safety measures, greater consideration should be given to various restrictions that are coined under the organizational and human factor principles. Consequently, the limitations must produce a work environment that is conducive for all the employee s in the organization. In considering these facts and limitations, it can be deduced that tools becomes more important aspect in an organization such as Delta airlines. In the main, safe institutions that make workplace less psychologically and physically traumatic and non-dangerous should exercise the following. First, with the localized short-term activities in rejoinder to active failures and long-standing measures in reaction to the dormant failures, an organization should react to the practical deficiencies of safety. Secondly, instead of the organization depending on the compliance of control, it should rely on the inner responsibility in order to realize safety objectives. Moreover, the organization should own a structure that is reliable by features of the surrounding and objectives of the institution. Similarly, an organizational structure must be designed with a particular extent of federal decision-making, standardized processes, and complexity (ICAO, 1993). Hence, Delta corporation revel in a safety corporate culture that is precisely healthy, good, and open. To permit for an applicable set of scales amid risk and production administration, the organization should advance the appropriate structures of managing the risks. Lastly, Delta esteems safety as the most significant contributor in accomplishing the objectives of production since the corp. pursues safety as a unique of the goals of the institution. The operating philosophy of Delta ergonomic factor department The organization should manage and pinpoint the philosophies that operate the department of human factor to transform the place of work become physically and psychologically stress free and safer. The identification and management of such situations that contribute to human errors enable an organization to remain the facilitator of excellence of human presentation. In fact, the nonexistence of accidents in an organization is no longer a dependable indicator of safety scheme. The ergonomi c factors as well as safety programs should exceed the benchmark defense efforts reacting to the emphasis of the least compliant values that are acceptable. Therefore, the departmental operating programs should ascertain and manage the disorders that result to human factor errors. An organization should identify and manage these errors whereas expediting a move en route to the excellence of human presentation. Nevertheless, quality should be incorporated at the corporate, small faction, as well as at employee levels as it can never be mandated. The set compliant principles should not be taken as the ultimate organizational safety arrangements of its operational systems. However, it should be cherished as inviolate. By taking into greater consideration of the features and dynamics that cause human errors, the organization is bound to achieve its precincts of work protection. Actually, the realization comes through enhanced human presentation in the identification and management of ci rcumstances that up shot errors committed by employees. In order for the organization to attain safety environment for its workers, it must put in place measures that drastically reduces human errors. Hence, the support, and coordination of high-ranking management provide an enormous continuum of a potential performance (ICAO, 1993). The human factor departmental mission and goals Well-pronounced mission and goals of the organization will help suppress the problem of psychological and physical stress and safety at workplace. The Delta operations expedite quality in the programs of human presentation as one of the institutional goals. The other goal of the organization is to succor in support and creation of programs for extenuation and management of human errors associated with jeopardy. Conversely, Delta’s mission aims at risk management of human errors through human presentation analysis with deference to structure in support of operation, machineries, strategies, and emplo yees. The mission is essentially applicable in a number of diverse levels (Maurino et al. 1995). First, Delta projects at minimizing human errors and outlining work performance by arriving at the developments and adjustments. The corporation also uses management science, systems science, biomechanical, psychosocial, physiological, and psychological multiple disciples. Further, the institute employs all these missions in three levels that is task, conditions of work, and organization to meet this target. The six categories of Delta resource administration According to ICAO (1993), further categorization, definition, and identification of resource management are of great significance. Such categories in an organization will tend to render safety and lessen the situations of psychological and physical stress. Actually, it aims at engendering a methodical integration of set abilities of the resource administration into appraisals, training, processes, strategies, criteria, as well as do cuments. Putting together of the organizations human factor management precincts corresponds to the available technology the organization applies to control its resources. Actually, the pastry of resource administration is sliced in dissimilar ways in a number of institutions. The fact that Airline Company ought to establish a system of categorization is more important than how it categorizes the administration of its resources (ICAO, 1993). Accordingly, the groupings of ergonomic factors should not be judge in conformity to the way they are specified rather in compliance with the available technology in which they are applied. Organizational change to practical from theory The virtuous human resource presentation moralities are simple to a certain degree. Nevertheless, the only difficulty encountered is to decipher the HR straightforward perceptions namely guidance, credentials, processes, guidelines, and staffing standards into performance. Thus, there is need for a cursory compre hension by the organizational HR on the way of tying together the performance of human resource and acclimating to the demands of the environment. In fact, this would make the place of work a less psychologically and physically traumatic and non-dangerous place as the understanding will enable the organization to avail most airlines into the business. The Delta Corp director may edifice sound adaptations since the industry puts voice to the principles of human resource presentation increasingly (ICAO, 1993). The manager does this through objectively interlacing human principles factors into practices, processes, strategies, as well as ideas. Conversely, the scheduled carrier personnel and administrators should prolong the assimilation and understanding of human factors to produce excellence in human presentation. The extent of comprehension and integration should fall beyond a cursory consciousness and non-structured adaptations. Definitely, the initial task for the administrators i s to situate such comprehensive human resource administration principles and factors into organizational lingo. In the meantime, putting this into the organization language would enable every worker to understand the human resource management factors and principle. Besides, via a cohesive strategy and in total consistency, the HR should interlace such perceptions into education, configuration of the firm, credentials, processes, and guidelines. Hence, the organization should deal with the restriction of space promptly to further develop the subsequent tips of integration (Jones, 1993). The current workplace challenges and environment There are extensive accords all through the fiscal, regulatory, and operational organizations stipulating that the integration of resource management standards as well as the human or ergonomic factors into the assumed operational activities could be a noble action course. Similarly, the airline administrators have increasingly recognized that errors ca used by human are unavoidable. Most of these human faults stem from systems managed and operated by people, but the consequential circumstances causing such errors are manageable (Maurino et al. 1995). Often, the executive directors use both the ergonomic factors departmental units and human factors experts in helping the corporations to classify and manage situations and risks correlated to these errors. The operational triumphs and the management of psychologically as well as physically stressful workplaces fuel the interest of integrating ergonomic factors into the activities undertaken by an organization. To the airplane administrators, it is generally debatable whether a firm must examine ‘proviso’ instead of ‘the manner in which’, the assets ought to be handled, and ergonomic aspects incorporated. Given that, employees become psychologically as well as physically stressed up with unsafe work environment, the proposal offers a decisive framework on how Delta Corporation should integrate ergonomic factors in its operations and management plans to make workplace less stressful and safer (Maurino et al. 1995). The proposal provides the nature of challenges encountered during integration, the departmental functionality of the ergonomic factors, the departmental units ergonomic factors attributes, the systems approach, and recommendations on how the organization can move to actions from the principles. The ergonomic factors integration challenges Workplaces normally become stressful and unsafe the moment the ergonomic factors administrators encounter challenges related to the translation of better ergonomic functional knowledge into practice. In fact, such integrations ought to be carried out with the entire organizational systems in order to realize sustainable transformation. In the ICAO (1993), the existing safety measures incorporate the extensive workforce safety dearth eminent in the organizational systems instead of solitary fu nctionality (p.1). The analytical proof permits the organizations to identify any management deficiency during the aviation systems operation and designing stages. When translating the ergonomic factors into science, the process should include a minimum of three stages namely the tasks, the place of work, and the organization. The organizational efforts relating to the management of resources and ergonomic factors must be directed mainly towards evaluating the training programs improvement and workforce attitudes. As it appears in the case firm, the plans for guiding the employees should not emerge affixed in seclusion. To avoid stress and keep workplace safe, the management of organizational resources and human factors should not be considered just as the employees’ preparation intervention. Educating the organization employees and administration to understand that ergonomic factors go beyond the mere training is the major problem and challenge encountered by the director of human factors. The ergonomic activities difficulties at Delta Corporation that cause tension and insecurity amongst employees should have prepared resolutions recognizing the dependence as well as the effect of corporate and workplace parameters that outline traditions, actions, and outlook. In fact, both the corporate and individual problems causing stress and insecurity ought to be attended to in order to rectify the errors, which generate the workforce performance and conditional challenges. The firm traditions, employees’ actions, and manners must be transformed at the managerial and at each workers rank. The most influential tool that Delta Corporation should use to shape the groups and individual employees’ corporate culture is answerability (Jones, 1993). The organization must not allow the employees to violate the internalized occupational, health and safety principles. The traditions of Delta Corp need to describe the inclined manner and ethics that may put t he decisive and desirable conduct pressure needed from a set of personnel. The organization should also enforce standards and express disapproval of any wrongdoer by sanctioning whoever defies the set principles. The internalization at the organizational, small groups and individual levels are important given that they warrant that suitable ergonomic factors undertakings emerge as anticipated and become impulsive. The function and type of the department of human factors ought to be planned in such as way that the performances of all employees are affected. However, in order to influence the culture, behaviours, and attitudes of the workforce, Delta Corp needs to ensure that there is shared obligation towards systematically integrating ergonomic factors. Provided the values of human factors fail to be internalized either organizationally or independently, the possibility of sustaining organization practices would be considerably abridged (Jones, 1993). Thus, all Delta Corp workers sh ould attach relevance and internalize the oriented corporate ergonomic factors standards. The Delta Corp division assuming the ergonomic aspects should bear the intensity and contact width in order to outline the managerial traditions, manners, and outlook. The reach can hardly be attained devoid of being committed to the general incorporation of human factors. The short-range ensnare must be shunned In order to reduce stress and make Delta Corp workplace safer, the workforce activities dearth and faults should be rectified frequently while cracking down on the group or each employee’s problems including offering further guidance and imposition of penalties. In fact, educating employees and ordering for discipline appears to be the most familiar, easiest, and prompt retort to human deficiencies. There are occasions when employees training and discipline could correctly respond to the human performance incidents, accidents, or deficiencies. Such quick fixes while often drawn o n by organizations as stress and safety strap ups, they hardly rectify the root causes and general problems (Jones, 1993). However, quick fixes tend to send memorandum and training vaccinations intended to alter the performances of each employees devoid of taking into account the managerial and departmental constituents, which carve up the employees’ performances. A briefing and a memo, which are forms of quick fixes often, alter the actions of employees temporarily. The fundamental practical guidelines for the organization, department, and individual employees nonetheless force back the employees’ actions to the initial statuses except when the basic systems become preset. Prior to looking afar each employee performances, Dealt Corp should classify and appraise both the managerial and universal factors shaping such performances. Indeed, an undemanding ‘quick fix of Delta operators’ strategy to the ergonomic or human actions tend to neglect the impacts and certainty of additional universal suppliers. Therefore, to generate unrelenting consequences on each individual action, the ergonomic factors plan adopted by Delta Corp should deal with the corporate procedures and structures, which influence culture, actions, and employees attitudes (Jones, 1993). The departmental human factors attributes The subsequent section details most aspects of the ergonomic factors, which ought to constitute the fundamental components and function of the Delta Corp human departments to lessen stress and increase the level of safety. Enough resources for sustaining change The department of human factors at Delta Corp should have adequate resources including loyalty, equipment, funds, and personnel to assist in upholding the integrated plans and departments. The incorporation of ergonomics factors into the Delta Corp culture can be equated to growing vegetation in scorched atmosphere. That is, such human factors should be supported and nurtured up to the tim e when they can live on their own. The perception can similarly be applied to the whole Delta Corp ergonomic factor divisions given that it incorporates each ergonomic factor ventures (Jones, 1993). Hence, to lessen stress and minimize insecurity issues, the company must avoid the quick fixes strategies that could take it back to the starting points without compensating for the time and funds used. Delta Corp must concentrate on a single commercial point for constancy Most corporations assume ergonomic factors oriented training, documents, procedures, policies, and programs spread across the business units. The manager of ergonomic factors should make the performance plans consistent and seal the cracks that may be present to cause insecurity and stress. Besides, Delta Corp is required to ensure that all ergonomic agendas should be expressed in lingos understood by all employees and adapted to achieve the purpose of the corporation. It is also essential that Delta Corp should have i ts business level point of focus addressing ergonomic factors associated with individual as well as organizational growth and development (Jones, 1993). The centre of concentration will warrant constancy whereas classifying and curtaining the copying of individuals’ hard work. Thus, the universal adjustments to the Delta Corp practices, processes, policies, and values should be dependable athwart corporate limits in order to become a component of the company’s managerial style and traditions. Corporate reach and placement The ergonomic factors administrator should be given the power to attend to employees incorporated in the organizational operations. More often, Delta Corp can appear to be stressful and insecure due to the systemic difficulties and ergonomic errors emanating from the inadequate communication systems in all the operational boundaries and athwart departments. In fact, it should hardly be assumed that each employee affecting the procedures and structure of Delta Corp might have an extensive ergonomic factors scientific knowledge to be capable of classifying and integrating such tenets (Jones, 1993). Recommendations To improve employee capability in an organization, the HR department should train workforces and managers on how to utilize human factor principles continually. There should be leverage and credentials relating to the corporation resources, programs, and individuals that are in existence. Besides, the managers should acclimatize to the limitations or fix the system as parameters to the identification of deficiencies in human presentation and jeopardy. Rather than letting a solitary merge, the organizational executives should proactively develop a departmental structure to initiate a stress free and safety-working place. The department of human resource management should succor the administrators to practice and improve human performance feedback schemes and risk administration. Further, to bear on the encounters and diff iculties, the managers should create operational archetypes and solutions besides bringing sciences into use. Finally, the corporation managers should try to report, evaluate, and identify the conditions that produce error to the management and bottlenecks encountered in performance of human resource. Conclusion Ergonomic factors have become part of the strategies used in the management of organizations and employees. Nevertheless, errors made by people normally appear as distinct variables, which should be properly supervised to increase opportunities and minimize the ergonomics challenges. Thus, to reduce incidents of accidents, insecurity and stress amongst employees and in the organization, Delta Corp must incorporate ergonomic factors in all the management aspects. The human factors should be included in the universal strategy geared towards improving the performances of employees. Works Cited ICAO. Human Factors Management and Organization: Human Factors Digest. Montreal: ICAO , 1993. Print. Jones, Becker. The Four Domains Affecting Job Performance: Internal Document, Delta Air Lines. Atlanta: DA, 1993. Print Maurino, Daniel, Reason James and Johnston Neil: Beyond Aviation Human Factors. Vermont, USA: Ashgate Publishing Ltd, 1995. Print. Nelson, Adrian, Cooper Cary, and Jackson Paul. â€Å"Uncertainty amidst Change: The Impact of Privatization on Employees Job Satisfaction and Well-Being.† Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 68.16 (1995): 57-71. Print Spector, Paul. â€Å"Perceived Control by Employees, a Meta-Analysis of Studies Concerning Autonomy and Participation at Work.† Human Relations, 39.11 (2006): 1005-1016. Print. Sutherland, Johnson and Cooper, Cary. Occupational Stress: Issues and Developments in Research. London: Taylor and Francis, 2008. Print. This research paper on Delta Corp Ergonomic Factors was written and submitted by user Midnight to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Why are there different theories of the state Which one do you find most useful and why

Why are there different theories of the state Which one do you find most useful and why Introduction The purpose of this essay is to provide an overview of the different theories of the state, highlight the various reasons why there are different theories of the state, and finally, identify the most useful theory as well as providing a justification of the choice.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Why are there different theories of the state? Which one do you find most useful and why? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Theories forms the basis of explaining complex phenomenon in a more practical way, and as such the relations that exist in a nation-state can only be understood with the help of a theory. There exist different theories of the state such as pluralism, elite theory, classic Marxist theory, realism and corporatism (Barzel, 2002, p. 75). The main proponents of the Pluralism are Talcott Parsons, Arnold Rose, Nail Smelser and Peter Bently. This theory is based on functionalism and its emphases are ; stability, equilibrium, conservative perspective and gradual change. This theory maintains that societal power is widely shared, fragmented, decentralized and deriving from a number of sources (Duncan, 2009, p. 34). It also opine that society consist of groups and associations that are many and diverse with conflicting interests that are balanced by the state, and as such the groups have considerable influences on major institutions and government policy. It also assumes a natural power balance among different groups coupled with democratic traditions, consensus of values, procedures and principles. In addition, governmental and economic institutions are separate thus they are not overlapping sources of power. In this theory, the state performs roles which include; it represents institutionalized authority and power, it is the supreme guardian of democracy, it acts as the mediator or bargaining agent, as well as policing conflict of interest and promoting harmony to attain order a nd equilibrium (Dubbink, 2003, p. 179). The second theory of the state is elite theory. This theory opine that the societal power rests in the hands of a few individuals who have power over key institutions resources, and at the same time the elite group are not accountable to the citizens. They derive their power from social organizations meaning that they possess a lot of power, and as such, they do anything to ensure that they retain power. They theory opine that there is stratification in societies, the present power is utilized for societal welfare and benefit or for personal gain, there are one or other ruling elites, and that the powerful and the elite are the same.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The elites have such resources as cunning and skills, as well as intelligence, this variation sets them apart from the populace with the masses being characterized by incompetence, apathy and not able to govern themselves. In addition, the prevailing organizational complexities necessitate for a leader. The relations that are built are in relation to power and wealth. For instance, power in United States rests in control of the Pentagon, that is, the state, the economy and the military (Smith, 1995, p. 91). The third theory is classic Marxist theory, which maintains that individuals who have power over the means of production rule society. They further asserts that the main determinant of political phenomenon is the politics class basis, that individuals realize themselves through work, and the basis or foundation of the society is the economy. It continues to maintain that political conflict equates to class conflict since political groups are composed of classes. In addition, economic dominance translates to power with power flowing from economic relations. The state performs functions such as; legitimizing and perpetuation of the existing s ocial class system, and accumulating role, as well (Hay, Marsh Liste, 2007, p. 53). The other theory is realism. This theory maintains that there is a difference between the politics realm and ethics and moral principles realm. It also argues that the state has absolute power, single-minded pursuit of interest, national security and power. Objective laws rooted in human nature rule the society and politics. Lastly, we have corporatism theory where the state is seen as the supreme central organ that is responsible for leading and directing society based on its directives. In addition, cooperation between the state, trade unionists and capitalists is necessary to ensure capital accumulation and investment, increased levels of employment, and citizen consumption. The theory further champion for state intervention provided the interventions fall within the principles of capitalist. This theory further asserts that the state should play a vital role in leading the major institutions in the economy, while the business sector plays a reciprocal role.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Why are there different theories of the state? Which one do you find most useful and why? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The main aim of this category of theories is to ensure equitable redistribution of resources, lower the unemployment levels, as well as inflation and extend citizenship rights (Williamson, 1989, p. 89). Rationale for different theories of the state Research points out the variation in ideologies as the main source of different theories of the state. Scholars come up with their theories based on observations and purpose, and as such, the findings of their observation may vary, though, they are eligible for generalization (Kelsen, 2007, p. 62). For instance, a state is made up of sub-systems such as society, institutions and the people/groups. The relationship between these three sub-systems may vary an d be insufficient, and as such scholars seeks to increase the body of knowledge through developing new theories and upgrading the existing theories (Avineri, 2004, p. 88). The other reason why there is growth in the number of theories of the state is the conception that an analysis that focuses mainly on a certain state is insufficient. Ideally, the states are different, distinct entities; hence, there is no similar relation between different states. As such, most theories discuss other aspect such as obligation, authority and rights, but there is no exclusive analysis on the state (Williamson, 2010, p. 64). This existing gap in studies triggers the need to analyze and develop a theory that can explain the existing relationship in the state. Other scholars opine that the power variations, theoretical frameworks as well as inter-state pressures are playing a major role in shaping states development, yet they are deficient in explaining the global and the depth dimensions of the chang es that are currently taking place (Eckersley, 2004, p. 66). The unitary aspect of the world as stipulated by the dependency theory, enumerated that significance of understanding of different actions of certain states in relation to the bipolar relationship. The existing concept of unity among states triggers the need to establish the underlying principles that leads to the presence of such relations. This pattern of relationship among states necessitates the development of a theory which explains in depth and expound in details of such relationship. This can only be possible through a theory.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The need of a theory is to act as a guideline during state development agenda such as reforms which can only be understood in relation to the constraints that arise out of the centre-periphery relationship. The dependency theory plays a vital role in guiding state action. Moreover, the social relation nature of the state is another aspect that explains the different theories of the state. The social phenomenon that is present in a state cannot be separated; hence, they form a social relation. As such, social relations, that is, relations between people are characterized as unstable, fluid, often passionate, and unpredictable. However, they rigidify to forms that appear to get hold of their own dynamic, and their own autonomy, forms, which are vital for societal stability, especially the capitalist society. As such, it is difficult to scientifically think about such forms, and doing so is like a criticism to the discipline. Therefore, it is vital to develop theories that explain in d etails such rigidity of the state. In addition, such a theory forms the basis of understanding the togetherness that prevails among states. The nature of the states is another key factor that results in different theories of the state. The derivation of the state can be either singular or as capitalists puts it â€Å"nation-state† form, as such this concept strives to the understanding of the political or statehood. In addition, to analyze the relationship between society and the state it is necessary to assume a correlation between society, state and social class. To alleviate the confusion that may arise between ‘the political’ and the state, a theoretical generalization is necessary. For a better conceptualization of the relationship between the globally mobile capital and the nationally fixed state, it is necessary to analyze political development in relation to the conflict that result from capital fractions and the state. This linkage between capital and st ate is shown using personal connections and family links, and as such the links are theoretically explored in order to bring out clearly the capitalist nature of the economy. This is evident in theories such as classic theories of imperialism, state capitalist theory and state monopoly capitalist theory (Shaw, 2000, p. 51). The growing competition among states, as well as the varying positions of different economies in regard to global capital cannot be sufficiently discussed in relation to competition among ‘national capitals’. This discussion can be sufficiently deliberated from the mobility of capital perspective as compared to immobility of capital standpoint. Not only does the existence of a single country depend on world capitalism reproduction, but also on capitalism reproduction within its borders. The competitive struggle that is witnessed among states is not only concerning a competition between national capitals, however it is a struggle between states to ret ain and attract a share of the global capital (Holloway, 1995, p. 61). This can only be achieved through ensuring favorable conditions such as maintenance of law and order, building of infrastructure, provision of education, as well as labor power regulation within a national state borders. As such, states depicts an antagonism, which expresses not an exploitation of the periphery states by the developed states, but rather expose the unequal struggle between states in relation to global capital attraction (Beer, 1974, p. 77). According to the dependency theory, states can only be understood in relation to their presence in the bipolar world whose main characterization is exploitation. However, exploitation is not poor countries exploiting rich countries, but an exploitation of global labor by world capital, and again the bipolarity is the one for class. In this sense, it is difficult to understand the relation between states as an external one, and as such, the understanding of nati onal development can only be theorized in order to point out a clear understanding of a national state development and limit confusion that may occasion any generalization made scientifically (Marciano, 2005, p. 78). Corporatist theory I prefer this theory since it create an economic system, which serves the interest of all the groups. In this case, a hybrid system will serve this purpose best, as observed in the case of United States. The components of such a system are that it provides the private sector and public (government) with the opportunity to control equally part of the natural resources. These will ensure that the different opinions in the society receive a moderate balance. In addition, the system should be one which the government plays a pivotal role in providing the necessary solutions and strategies of solving the problems facing the society (Barzel, 2002, p. 52). In addition, the system, as well, will ensure integration of both the private sector and government uni ts in the production of various goods and services to solve amicably the issues prevailing in a society. The government cannot solely provide quality and affordable goods and services that can be equitably distributed among the members of the society (Wiarda, 1981, p. 77). For instance, the government cannot provide quality health and education facilities to all members of the society; this will create conflict among the society members. When access to resources and means of production is by both the government and the private sector, the government will have surplus resources that can be used in providing services such as health, education, infrastructure, legal, and military defense to the society (Pressman, 2006, p. 31). The system should also have components such as, the government ability to take precedence in any decisions that move around quantity of goods to be produced. The government is responsible in making final decisions whenever there is an issue that brings contention , and the two parties cannot square out a balance. The private sector contribution to the economy should be geared towards the achievement of objectives that add to equitable and fair distribution of available resources. The resources should be utilized in a manner that will consider those of future generation. The utilization of resources should be socially oriented. The overall pattern of the economic system has changed due to a change in some trends, in the economy. Some of these trends include; democratization, significant shift to market economies as well as the revival of cultural and ethnic politics (Dunleavy, 1994, p. 48). Democracy is taking the center stage in the political arena of many countries, with economies engaging in free, regular and fair elections. Democracy has nurtured civil liberties like freedom of speech, assembly and belief, neutrality in legal aspects, civilian control of the military, presence of civil societies that provide individuals with opportunities to own and operate their property as well as a rule of law that ensure equal opportunities for all the citizens in an economy. This is in relation to the key features that corporatism nurtures and strengthens (Centeno, 2001, p. 54). The resulting competition, which arise when an economy facilitates the engagement of both the private and public sectors of the economy has influenced the shift by most of the economies to a market system. Economies are moving to systems that foster success and recently a term known as marketization whose adoption by a good number of economies is on the rise. Marketization describes a re-creation in the economy where labor, goods, services and property are all allowed to function in a market, that is, a competitive environment to determine their price. The move has seen privatization of state owned property, where the government decides to sell some property they own to private individuals (Wagner, 2007, p. 86). Fragmentations that exist among the membe rs of the society play a pivotal role in determining and shaping politics in the world. Nationalism is on its diving mode due to the increasing globalization. The revival of cultural and ethical conflicts can hamper the system prevailing in an economy. This is because nations that have varying ideologies and socioeconomic differences may lead to a shift in the economic system from realism to a pluralism economy. In this sense, it is necessary to have government interventions so as o mitigate the consequences that could result from conflicting ideologies among society members (Hestad, 2009, p. 34). When an economy embraces corporatism, there is some degree of success. The measurement of success of an economy is through the economic progress indicators. The main indicators of economic progress include; equal distribution of resources, low levels of poverty, low levels of illiteracy, life expectancy rate improvement, improved agriculture, as well as equitable access of opportunities (D unleavy OLeary, 2000, p. 61). For, the system to accurately function a central planning authority should be the place with a mandate of ensuring that there is an achievement of proper planning and allocation of resources. The planning authority is in a central place where all the different aspects of economic resources are channel to, and their function is to draw up a plan of ensuring that all societies benefit from their efforts and resources, for example, the one that is in place in United States (Pressman, 2006, p. 72). In addition, corporatism asserts that the ownership of a number of resources is by individuals and some by the Government. The decisions regarding the production of goods are partly by individuals and partly by the government. For example, land, factories and other properties can be under the ownership of individuals and departments like railways, sea and airports are under the control of the Government. The opinions of individuals and government are deposit int o consideration when making a decision (Morrow, 1995, p. 56). Based on these documented studies and literature, a state has complex relations that can only be explained by the help of a theory. Each theory has its main tenets that underlie its development, and these points at the key features that are common among states. With such deliberation between the reasons for a considerable number of theories of the state, this essay maintains that an economy such as United States and any other similar state can utilize corporatism theory to attain its microeconomic objectives of fair distribution of resources, price stability, as well as economic growth (Cole, 1994, p. 42). References Avineri , S., 2004, Hegels theory of the modern state. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Barzel, Y., 2002, A theory of the state: economic rights, legal rights, and the scope of  the State Political economy of institutions and decisions. New York: Cambridge University Press. Barzel, Y., 2005, A theory of the state: economic rights, legal rights, and the scope of  the state. New York: Sage. Beer, S., 1974, Designing Freedom, Chichester. New York: John Wiley Sons. Centeno, M. A., 2001, The other mirror: grand theory through the lens of Latin  America. New York: Princeton University Press. Cole, G. H., 1994, The pluralist theory of the state. New York: Routledge. Dubbink, W., 2003, ‘State, Market and Civil Society in a New Configuration’, In Wim  Dubbink, Assisting the Invisible Hand: Contested Relations Between Market, State and Civil Society. Dordecht: Kluwer Publishing. Duncan, G. C., 2009, Democracy and the capitalist state, London: CUP Archive. Dunleavy, P., OLeary, B., 2000, Theories of the state: the politics of liberal  democracy. New York: New Amsterdam. Dunleavy, P., 1994, Theories of the state: the politics of liberal democracy. New York: Education. Eckersley, R., 2004, The green state: rethinking democracy and sovereignty, New York: MIT Press. Hay, C., Marsh, D., Liste, M., 2007, The State- Theories and Issues. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Hestad, L., 2009, Theories of the state. Dakota: University of South Dakota. Holloway, J., 1995, Global Capital and the National State. Basingtoke: MacMillan. Kelsen, H., 2007, General Theory of Law And State, New York: The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. Marciano, A. J., 2005, Law and the state: a political economy approach. New York: Edward Elgar Publishing. Morrow, R., 1995, Social theory and education: a critique of theories of social and  cultural reproduction. London: SUNY Press. Pressman, S., 2006, Alternative theories of the state. London: Palgrave MacMillan Pressman, S., 2010, Alternative theories of the state. London: Sage. Shaw, M., 2000, Theory of the global state: globality as unfinished revolution, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Smith, G. H., 1995, The theory of the state. New York: Princeton University. Wagner , R. H., 2007, War and the state: the theory of international pol itics. Michigan: University of Michigan Press. Wiarda, H. J., 1981, Corporatism and national development in Latin America. New York: Westview Press. Williamson, P. J., 2010, Varieties of Corporatism: A Conceptual Discussion, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Williamson, P. J., 1989, Corporatism in perspective: an introductory guide to  corporatist theory, New York: Sage.